Coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes and engineering

Introduction

This article presents an overview of the Coastal Wiki content (December 2016) on coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes, long term geomorphological change, climate impacts and coastal engineering (articles in blue). This content was initiated by the ENCORA themes 5 and 8.

The article also indicates missing topics (articles in red). Please help us fill these gaps by expanding and claiming these missing topics.

For some gaps alternative websites are indicated, in particular:

• pages of Wikipedia
• pages of the Australian coastal website http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au/index.jsp
• pages in English of the Dutch Deltaproof website http://deltaproof.stowa.nl/Publicaties/deltafact.aspx?pId=1739

Hydrodynamics

Articles on modelling : Hydrodynamic modelling , Modelling coastal hydrodynamics , How to apply models , Reduction of uncertainties through Data Model Integration (DMI)

Lacking: introduction to Hydrodynamic processes and equations

Waves

See also articles under “Water waves” in the wikipedia Water waves

Article Waves introduction to: short waves (types of short waves, wave breaking, wave generation, wave transformation, statistical description of wave parameters, wave climate classification according to wind climate), long waves (surf beat, harbour resonance, seiche, tsunami), infragravity waves, measurement of waves

Lacking: Types of ocean wave - progressive, standing, surface, internal, gravity, capillary, wind wave, swell, tide, planetary or Rossby (coriolis+horiz plane), tsunami, ship waves. Diagram of types of wave, showing the relationships between wavelength, wave frequency, forces and energy.

Lacking: introduction to wave theory: Linear wave theory, Stokes wave theory (See also Airy wave theory), Wave asymmetry and skewness

Lacking: Non-linear wave theories – introduction to cnoidal, solitary, limits of application (See also Cnoidal wave)

Lacking: introduction to Wind wave generation (See also Wind wave)

Article on wave measurement : Waves and currents by X-band radar

Article on Wave transformation in the nearshore : expansion needed. Background and practical formulas for shoaling, setdown, wave skewness, wave asymmetry, wave breaking, criteria, setup, roller energy, clapotis, models

Lacking: Refraction and diffraction , Wave reflection , Wave-current interaction

Lacking: Swash – swash hydrodynamics and morphodynamics, infiltration, exfiltration, beach berm, wave runup, overtopping

Lacking: Wave runup, wave overtopping, wave shoaling (Tsunamis definition needs expansion)

Lacking: Wave impact

Lacking: Ship waves - Wash or wake, Kelvin wave pattern, supercritical wash

Article Statistical description of wave parameters needs expansion on wave spectrum, Rayleigh distribution, intra-wave interaction

Lacking: Wave modelling - operational, coastal, computational fluid dynamics, smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Lacking: Infragravity waves (Article Edge waves definition should be expanded)

Tides

Article Tide purely descriptive, needs expansion (see for example Theory of tides)

Lacking: Tides in the oceans

Article Tidal prediction needs expansion : harmonic method, tidal constituents, specific examples

Article Tidal motion in shelf seas

Lacking: Tidal asymmetry – tide propagation in shallow water (coastal water, estuaries), Tidal bores

Lacking: Storm surge - definition needs expansion

Currents

Articles measurement of currents: Waves and currents by X-band radar , Currents and turbulence by acoustic methods, Use of ground based radar in hydrography

Article Currents introduction to currents in the Open Sea (tidal, wind-generated, storm surge), current in the nearshore zone (shore-parallel, shore-normal, undertow, rip currents, cross-currents), two-dimensional currents in the nearshore zone. Expand subtopics, relation with sediment transport.

Definitions Longshore current , Rip currents need expansion: processes, practical formulas

More specific article needed on Wind driven currents (Ekman theory),

Lacking: Density-driven currents

Lacking: article on Turbulence

Article Coriolis acceleration

Articles Bedforms and roughness, Bed roughness and friction factors in estuaries

Diffusion, dispersion

Articles Seawater intrusion and mixing in estuaries , Estuarine circulation , Salt wedge estuaries (See also Salinity and Reduction of saline intrusion))

Expand definition of Stratification – stability criteria, internal waves, Kelvin-Helmholz instability, turbulence damping, internal friction, mixing

Article Ocean – shelf-sea interaction

Lacking: Transport and mixing processes in shelf seas

Article on marine mixing and dispersion processes: Suspended particulate matter distribution in the North Sea

Lacking: River plume dynamics

Article on mixing and dispersion in the nearshore: Transport and dispersion of pollutants, nutrients, tracers in mixed nearshore water

Articles on oil spills: Index of vulnerability of littorals to oil pollution , Oil spill monitoring. Articles needed on oil spill transport and dispersion and on oil spill intervention (See also Oil spill)

Flood risk

Article Chances and risks. Lacking : General article on Flood risk, Risk management strategies

Article Extreme storms

Lacking: Extreme event analysis - Gumbel, Weibull distributions, exceedance probability, dependence and joint probability, return period

Articles Decision Support Systems for coastal risk assessment and management, Risk and coastal zone policy: example from the Netherlands , Flood risk analysis study at the German Bight Coast

Sediments

Sediment - update article with links to specific topics

Lacking: Sediment classification - grain size, gravel, sand, boulder, shape, flat, round, type, cohesive, non-cohesive

Articles on sediment transport measurement : see Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas with many subtopics

Article Sediment deposition and erosion processes

Article Dynamics of mud transport

Articles Sand transport, Sediment transport formulas for the coastal environment

Lacking: Cross-shore sediment transport - shoaling zone, breaker zone, swash zone

Article on littoral drift Long-term modelling using 1-line models - GENESIS and new extensions needs expansion and update of longshore sediment transport with recent formulas

Lacking: Boundary layer dynamics – introduction to boundary layer processes (current, waves, current + waves), Wave boundary layer and sediment transport

Lacking: Graded beds

Lacking: Sediment budget coastal systems

Lacking: Current ripples and dunes , Wave ripples – formation processes

Lacking : Estuarine sedimentation and turbidity maximum – introduction to underlying processes (tidal asymmetry, estuarine circulation), impact on sedimentation, water quality. (See also Turbidity)

Lacking: Sedimentation of harbours and navigation channels

Lacking: Aeolian transport – from beach to dunes, dune formation.

Geomorphology

Geomorphology – expand definition to a general article linking to more specific articles

Geomorphological time scales and processes

Classification of coasts

Article Classification of coastlines deals with nearly straight coastlines (with overview of coastal characteristics), special coastal form elements (delta coastlines, sand spits, barrier islands, mechanisms and conditions for barrier island development), barrier formation; effect of development

Articles Classification of coastal profiles, Coastal zone characteristics = introduction to different coastal types

Article Coastal Hydrodynamics And Transport Processes = introduction to sediment transport in general, onshore and offshore transport and equilibrium coastal profile, transport of non-cohensive sediments; lacking : more specific article on Equilibrium coastal profile

Lacking: Typology coastlines –- accretional, erosional, beaches, estuaries, inlets, deltas, cliffs, mudflats, dunes, stacks, headlands, blowholes,

Rocky shores – Rocky shore morphology – expand further to cliff morphology, sediment input, shore platforms, stacks, headlands, etc.

Lacking: Wave-dominated coast, barriers, beaches, breaker bars, intertidal bars and runnels. (See also Wave-dominated coasts

Lacking: Tidal lagoons (See also Wave-dominated estuaries and Coastal lagoons))

Article Wave-dominated river deltas (See also Wave-dominated deltas)

Lacking: Fluvial-dominated coast , Tide-dominated river deltas

Lacking: Macro-tidal coasts (See also Tide-dominated beaches and Tide-modified beaches))

Article Gravel Beaches

Article Characteristics of muddy coasts .

Lacking: Mud coasts – physical processes of mud coasts such as Guinana, Typology of mangrove coasts

Estuaries

Article Morphology of estuaries - classification of estuaries, tide-dominated, river-dominated, wave-dominated estuaries, examples (incomplete article Estuaries and tidal rivers)

Lacking: Rias, Fjords See also (Embayments and drowned river valleys)

Articles Estuarine morphological modelling, Physical processes and morphology of synchronous estuaries

Lacking: Estuarine morphodynamics – morphodynamic feedback, equilibrium planform, equilibrium hypsometry, tidal flats, alternating bars, channel meandering, channel bifurcation

Lacking: Estuary response to change, Impact of estuarine channelisation, Tidal flat reclamation - long-term morphological evolution, response to sea-level rise and direct human interventions (dredging, reclamation) (See also Alteration of hydrodynamics)

Article Case studies: Long term predictions for estuaries

Lacking: Ebb-tidal deltas

Article Mudflat - expand existing definition, mudflat morphology and morphodynamics (interaction morphology-tide-waves-biology), link to saltmarsh morphology (See also Tidal creeks)

Article Mangroves (See also Mangrove restoration)

Articles on Salt marshes , Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes , Salt marshes in Europe and temporal variability

Lacking: ICZM issues in estuaries , Coastal squeeze

Coastal morphodynamics

Article on morphodynamic feedback processes : Stability models

Lacking: Rhythmic shoreline features – rip current embayments and cuspate shorelines, crescentic bars, welded and transverse bars, large-scale capes and erosional embayments, links to specific articles,

Article Beach Cusps

Lacking: Coastal barriers - coastal barrier formation, Breaker bar dynamics, Beach berm – expand definition and add section on berm formation

Articles on specific topics of morphodynamic modelling and analysis: Process-based morphological models , Data-driven models and statistical approaches , Geomorphological analysis , Behaviour-based models , Stochastic and fractal methods in coastal morphodynamics

Articles on morphological survey methods : Bathymetry from inverse wave refraction , Data processing and output of Lidar

Articles on shoreline profile dynamics: Parametric equilibrium models, Process-based modelling

Articles on shoreline modelling : Long-term modelling using 1-line models - GENESIS and new extensions , Process-based modelling

Lacking: Coastal profile response to storms – profile steepening, breaker bar dynamics (migration, formation)

Lacking: Shoreline planform – pocket beach equilibrium planform (see Parametric equilibrium models), shoreline rotation

Lacking: Beach-dune interaction – dune accretion, aeolian transport

Lacking: Reef systems

Lacking: Large-scale bedforms in shelf seas sandwaves, tidal ridges, shoreface-connected ridges

Coastal erosion

Articles on shoreline observation: Argus image types and conventions Argus video monitoring system Argus applications Argus video

Article on Data analysis and Statistical Approaches

Lacking: Shoreline prediction – prediction of shoreline response to storms

Article on coastal erosion processes : Types and background of coastal erosion (See also Beach erosion)

Articles Bruun rule , Closure depth

Articles Human causes of coastal erosion , Accretion and erosion for different coastal types , Typical examples of structural erosion

Article Natural causes of coastal erosion

Article Dune erosion

Long-term morphodynamics and climate change

Lacking: Sea level change - indications of former sea levels, causes of sea level change, pleistocene, holocene, present, future, isostacy and eustacy, tectonics, climate change

Lacking: Quaternary geology - glaciology, case studies, saltmarsh climate change dating

Climate change - extend existing definition to general introduction to the topic

Articles on climate change impacts : Effect of climate change on coastline evolution , Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Mangroves. Lacking is a general article Climate change impacts with links to more specific articles, and to articles on sea level change

Lacking: Geomorphological modelling at geological time scale

Lacking: Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers

Lacking: ICZM issues associated with long term geomorphology

Coastal engineering

General articles on coastal engineering : Hard shoreline protection structures , Protection against coastal erosion , Hard structures and structural erosion , Sand by-pass systems

Articles on specific hard structures : Groynes, Groynes as shore protection, Deteriorated groynes , Detached breakwaters , Detached shore parallel breakwaters , Application of breakwaters , Floating breakwaters , Perched beaches , Seawalls and revetments , Overtopping resistant dikes

Articles on Soft shoreline protection solutions , Artificial reefs , Natural barriers , Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs, Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering

Articles on Beach nourishment , Artificial nourishment (See also Sand nourishment)

Articles on Shore nourishment , Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal Lacking: Experience with coastal nourishment in the Netherlands

Article Beach drainage

Articles on dune management : Sand dune types - Europe , Dynamics, threats and management of dunes

Lacking: Coastal defence options - UK MAFF guidelines, do nothing, risk management, sustain, change

Lacking: Resonance phenomena - dealing with seiches in harbours and basins

Expand definition Dredging with overview article of techniques and impact. (See also Reuse of dredged material)

Case study Coastal Erosion along the Changjiang Deltaic Shoreline

Lacking: Disposal of dredged materials – including fate of dredged materials

Lacking: Sand mining in shelf seas – including marine aggregates

Lacking: Estuary engineering - deepening and channelisation of estuaries, tidal flat reclamation, impacts, coastal squeeze, managed realignment. (See also Managed realignment)

Lacking: Tidal power

Article on marine wind farms : Offshore wind farm development in Germany . Needs general article Marine wind energy and update of case studies

Articles on wave energy : Wave energy converters, Wave energy converters in coastal structures