Coastline

Definition of Coastline: The coastline is a line that is considered the boundary between sea and land. This is the common definition for Coastline, other definitions can be discussed in the article

The terms coastline and shoreline are often used indiscriminately as synonyms. However, it is generally preferable to define the shoreline as the physical transition between land and water and the coastline as a proxy of the shoreline position that designates the boundary between land and sea for use in shoreline management, see the article Shoreline.

Coastline definition

There is no unambiguous and generally adopted definition of the coastline. Each country has its own definition. Because of the highly dynamic nature of the shoreline, the chosen definition of the coastline has to be defined on appropriate space and time scales.

Criteria for defining a coastline include:

• providing a representative estimate of trends in coastal erosion or coastal accretion;
• the accuracy with which the location of the coastline can be determined;
• robustness (repeatability) of the corresponding measuring technique (e.g. not influenced by tide or wave run-up);
• the effort required to determine the coastline position;
• determining whether intervention is necessary if the coastline retreats (taking in account assets and interests at stake).

Several coastline choices are possible:

• A coastline based on fixed points (for example a cliff or seawall at the upper end of the beach). Disadvantage for sedimentary coasts: it does not provide insight into beach erosion or accretion.
• A coastline based on the instantaneous waterline. Disadvantage: the great variability, in particular the effect of tides.
• A coastline based on the average waterline at high tide or low tide. Satisfactory for rocky coasts, but disadvantage for sandy dune coasts: coastline variability is still considerable due to the influence of storms and the influence of seasonal variability in the wave climate.
• A coastline based on easily identifiable beach features, for example the dune foot, the most seaward vegetation line, the crest of the most landward beach berm. Advantages: beach erosion or accretion is reflected in retreat or advance of these coastal features, while the variability is much less than for the average LW or HW lines. Disadvantage: this coastline choice is sensitive to coastline retreat caused by occasional storms, which often has a temporary character and can be restored by natural processes when a calmer wave climate has established (see Dune erosion). Besides, the mentioned beach features are not present everywhere.

Shoreline detection techniques

An overview of shoreline detection technique is given in the article Shoreline.

Shoreline management based on structural erosion

Shoreline management is primarily interested in long-term erosion trends, also called structural coastal erosion. Long-term erosion trends are the result of a structural deficit in the balance of sand input and sand output for a particular coastal section. To gain insight into this sand balance, it is necessary to monitor the sand volume of the active zone for sections along the entire coast. An example is the coastline definition used in the Netherlands, see Annex.

Annex: Base coastline in the Netherlands

Fig. 1. Definition sketch of the base coastline, a volume-based coastline position, which is indicative of structural shoreline changes. The beach volume [math] V \; [m^3/m] [/math] is the sand volume comprised between the dunefoot and a seaward boundary defined by the intersection of the beach profile with a lower plane situated [math]2H[/math] below the dunefoot, where [math]H[/math] is the dunefoot level above LW. The volume-based coastline is situated at a distance [math]0.5 V/H[/math] from the dunefoot. The location of the dunefoot is determined at a fixed distance [math]C[/math] from a fixed reference line.

In the Netherlands, because it is lying for a large part below mean sea level, the dune belt is of crucial importance to protect the hinterland against flooding. Structural beach erosion increases the vulnerability of the dune coast and is therefore systematically redressed along the entire coast by means of sand nourishments. To determine where structural coastal erosion occurs, the coast has been divided into coastal sections of approximately 200m longitudinal length. A fictitious coastline, the so-called base coastline, has been defined for each section, which is based on the sand volume in this coastal section. Both the volume above the waterline and below the waterline are taken into account. The considered volume below the waterline is related to a water depth equal to the height of the dunefoot above the low waterline, see Fig. 1. This volume is determined annually by coastal monitoring. Experience shows that the variation of this fictitious base coastline provides a reliable estimate of the structural erosion or accretion of the coast.

Related articles

Shoreline

Risk and coastal zone policy: example from the Netherlands

Dune erosion

Typical examples of structural erosion

Dealing with coastal erosion

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

Shoreline management

References

The main author of this article is Job Dronkers Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article. Citation: Job Dronkers (2021): Coastline. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Coastline [accessed on 24-11-2024] For other articles by this author see Category:Articles by Job Dronkers For an overview of contributions by this author see Special:Contributions/Dronkers J