Difference between revisions of "Rip current"

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{{Definition|title=Rip current
 
{{Definition|title=Rip current
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|definition = Rip currents are strong offshore directed currents that occur when high waves break over nearshore sandbars.
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|definition = Rip currents are wave-generated currents that depart from the nearshore zone in offshore direction. }}
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The above general definition includes a wide family of currents. It includes, for example, a longshore current that separates from the shore after passing a headland. A more restricted definition of a rip current is:
  
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'''a narrow offshore directed jet flow generated by a local imbalance between wave-induced [[radiation stress]] and [[Wave set-up|sea level set-up]] at the coast.'''
  
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We mainly focus on rip currents according to this restricted definition.
  
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==Notes<ref> Dronkers, J. 2017. Dynamics of Coastal Systems. World Scientific Publ. Co, Singapore, 740 pp.</ref>==
 
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When breaking, high incident waves raise the water level in the area between the beach and [[nearshore sandbars]]. This elevated water is discharged by rip currents that flow seaward through narrow gaps between the nearshore bars. The corresponding morphological pattern is called "rip cell". It results from the [[Coastal morphodynamics|morphodynamic feedback]] between the [[coastal morphology]] and the incident wave field. A local setback in the shoreline is often seen opposite the rip opening. The rip opening travels slowly downstream. Rip currents are dangerous for swimmers.
 
  
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==Morphodynamic rips==
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[[File:MorphoRip.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fig. 1. Schematic view of a rip cell. Beach: yellow, sea: blue; shallow water: light blue; nearshore bars: hatched; flow pattern: red arrows. ]]
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Numerous different patterns can arise in the surf zone as a result of morphodynamic feedback processes, as described in the article [[Rhythmic shoreline features]]. Rip cells are one member of this large family of self-organized surf zone patterns. Morphodynamic rips often emerge when incident waves break over a submerged nearshore bar and transfer part of their wave orbital momentum to a net onshore directed stress (radiation stress) that raises the water level between the bar and the beach. On a perfectly longshore uniform coast the radiation stress and the water level slope would be exactly in balance. However, as uniformity is not perfect in nature, deviations from the balance do locally occur. The local imbalances between radiation stress and water set-up generate currents that are shoreward directed where the radiation stress is stronger and seaward directed where the radiation stress is weaker. These cross-shore currents form circulation cells that strengthen and consolidate the hydrodynamic imbalances by imprinting the rip flow circulation in the nearshore bathymetry: (1) a rip channel is scoured at the location of dominant seaward flow, in which the seaward rip flow is concentrated; (2) a beach embayment is scoured opposite to the rip channel, where the least broken waves hit the beach; (3) onshore horns are accreted at the inner bar where the waves are attenuated most strongly. The corresponding bathymetry and flow circulations are schematically displayed in Fig. 1. The presence of rip currents in the field is illustrated for two different beaches in Fig. 2 and 3. The rips are situated between the zones where waves are breaking on the nearshore sandbar.
  
  
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[[File:RipBurrillBeach_DarylGama.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Rip currents at Burrill Beach, South Coast NSW, Australia. The strength of the current is illustrated by the offshore plume of sediment that is stirred up from the seabed. Photo credit Daryl  Gama. https://www.scienceofthesurf.com/]]
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[[File:RipBurrillBeach_DarylGama.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Rip currents at Burrill Beach, South Coast NSW, Australia. The strength of the current is illustrated by the offshore plume of sediment that is stirred up from the seabed. The beach facing the rip is most exposed to wave breaking. Photo credit Daryl  Gama. https://www.scienceofthesurf.com/]]
 
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[[File:DutchCoastNorthHolland.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Rip cell at the barred coast of North Holland, The Netherlands. Photo credit Rens Jacobs  https://beeldbank.rws.nl/ ]]
 
[[File:DutchCoastNorthHolland.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Rip cell at the barred coast of North Holland, The Netherlands. Photo credit Rens Jacobs  https://beeldbank.rws.nl/ ]]
 
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Channel rips arise on a barred sandy shoreface under moderate wave conditions when the direction of incident waves is close to shore-normal. The rip-channel bathymetry persists under such conditions, but disappears when the nearshore sandbars are straightened by highly energetic, obliquely incident waves. In case of oblique wave incidence the rip cell pattern travels slowly in the direction of the littoral drift. Morphodynamic rips usually have a regular spacing along the coast with wavelengths in the range 50 to 500 meters<ref>Short, A.D. and Brander, R.W. 1999. Regional variations in rip density. J. Coast. Res. 15: 813–822</ref>. Wave refraction, wave breaking and associated radiation stress in the rip channel oppose rip flow strengthening. This negative feedback is thought to be responsible for the often observed pulsating character of the rip flow<ref>MacMahan, J.H., Reniers, A.J.H.M., Thornton, E.B. and Stanton, T.P. 2004. Surf zone eddies coupled with rip current morphology. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C07004</ref>.
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==Boundary rips==
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[[File:TopoRips.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fig. 4. Rip currents induced by a groyne under oblique wave incidence. Updrift side (right): Deflection rip current. Downdrift side (left): Shadow rip current. Beach: yellow; sea: blue; shallow water: light blue; wave breaking: white; rip currents: red arrows; dotted dark blue lines: wave rays.]]
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Boundary rips are related to the presence of hard topographic structures (headlands, groynes, jetties) that locally shield the beach from obliquely incident waves. In the wave shadow zones the radiation stress is not in balance with the wave set-up at the beach. The excess pressure of the wave set-up generates a rip current that runs along the structure - a so-called shadow rip. The seaward rip flow is mainly recirculated by the onshore flow in the breaker zone<ref name=C16>Castelle, B., Scott, T., Brander, R.W. and McCarroll, R.J. 2016. Rip current types, circulation and hazard. Earth Science Reviews 163: 1–21</ref>.
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The oblique wave incidence also generates a longshore current that causes accretion at the updrift side of the structure and erosion at the downdrift side. The longshore current at the updrift side is deflected offshore by the structure. This deflected current is called a deflection rip. It can extend far offshore, up to several times the surf zone width<ref>McCarroll, R.J., Brander, R.W., Turner, I.L., Power, H.E. and Mortlock, T.R. 2014. Lagrangian observations of circulation on an embayed beach with headland rip currents. Mar. Geol. 355: 173–18</ref>. The shadow rip and deflection rip are schematically depicted in Fig. 4.
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==Other rip types==
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According to the more general definition several other mechanisms can produce rip currents.
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Alongshore non-uniformity of wave energy can arise from the presence of offshore structures - natural seabed structures or manmade structures. Such structures produce a longshore modulation of wave energy in the breaker zone by shielding effects, by affecting local wave dissipation, or by creating specific wave diffraction and refraction patterns. The rip currents generated by offshore topography can become channelized, but unlike the morphodynamic rips, the channels are not self-organized with alongshore periodicity. The presence and strength of these forced rip currents strongly depends on offshore wave conditions<ref>Long, J. and Özkan-Haller, H. 2016. Forcing and variability of nonstationary rip currents. J. Geophys. Res. 121: 520–539</ref>.
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Rip currents can also develop without interaction with morphology. These so-called hydrodynamic rips or flash rips are unpredictable and short-lived. The driving mechanism is not well established. There is some evidence that flash rips are related to flow vorticity generated by shear instability of the longshore current or by temporal and spatial alongshore non-uniformity of the wave breaking process<ref name=C16/>.
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==Relevance of rip currents==
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* Rip currents are dangerous for swimmers and are the major cause of swimming accidents and casualties
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* Rip currents can accelerate coastal erosion by transporting beach sand offshore, especially in the presence of structures such as groynes
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* Rip currents contribute to the mixing and flushing of nearshore waters and to the regulation of nearshore water quality<ref> Largier, J.L. 2022. Rip Currents and the Influence of Morphology on Wave-Driven Cross-Shore Circulation. Ch. 8.05. Treatise on Geomorphology, 2nd edition, Volume 8. Elsevier</ref>
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* Rip currents contribute to the exchange of organisms between nearshore and offshore waters
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==Recommended reviews on rip currents==
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:Castelle, B., Scott, T., Brander, R.W. and McCarroll, R.J. 2016. Rip current types, circulation and hazard. Earth Science Reviews 163: 1–21
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:MacMahan, J.H., Reniers, A.J.H.M., Thornton, E.B. and Stanton, T.P. 2004. Surf zone eddies coupled with rip current morphology. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C07004
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:Largier, J.L. 2022. Rip Currents and the Influence of Morphology on Wave-Driven Cross-Shore Circulation. Ch. 8.05. Treatise on Geomorphology, 2nd edition, Volume 8. Elsevier.
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:Recommended website: https://www.scienceofthesurf.com/
  
  
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:[[Currents]]
 
:[[Currents]]
 
:[[Nearshore sandbars]]
 
:[[Nearshore sandbars]]
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:[[Shoreface profile]]
  
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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{{author
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|AuthorID=120
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|AuthorFullName=Job Dronkers
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|AuthorName=Dronkers J}}
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[[Category:Physical coastal and marine processes]]
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[[Category:Beaches]]
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[[Category:Morphodynamics]]

Revision as of 09:16, 3 July 2022



Definition of Rip current:
Rip currents are wave-generated currents that depart from the nearshore zone in offshore direction.
This is the common definition for Rip current, other definitions can be discussed in the article


The above general definition includes a wide family of currents. It includes, for example, a longshore current that separates from the shore after passing a headland. A more restricted definition of a rip current is:

a narrow offshore directed jet flow generated by a local imbalance between wave-induced radiation stress and sea level set-up at the coast.

We mainly focus on rip currents according to this restricted definition.


Morphodynamic rips

Fig. 1. Schematic view of a rip cell. Beach: yellow, sea: blue; shallow water: light blue; nearshore bars: hatched; flow pattern: red arrows.

Numerous different patterns can arise in the surf zone as a result of morphodynamic feedback processes, as described in the article Rhythmic shoreline features. Rip cells are one member of this large family of self-organized surf zone patterns. Morphodynamic rips often emerge when incident waves break over a submerged nearshore bar and transfer part of their wave orbital momentum to a net onshore directed stress (radiation stress) that raises the water level between the bar and the beach. On a perfectly longshore uniform coast the radiation stress and the water level slope would be exactly in balance. However, as uniformity is not perfect in nature, deviations from the balance do locally occur. The local imbalances between radiation stress and water set-up generate currents that are shoreward directed where the radiation stress is stronger and seaward directed where the radiation stress is weaker. These cross-shore currents form circulation cells that strengthen and consolidate the hydrodynamic imbalances by imprinting the rip flow circulation in the nearshore bathymetry: (1) a rip channel is scoured at the location of dominant seaward flow, in which the seaward rip flow is concentrated; (2) a beach embayment is scoured opposite to the rip channel, where the least broken waves hit the beach; (3) onshore horns are accreted at the inner bar where the waves are attenuated most strongly. The corresponding bathymetry and flow circulations are schematically displayed in Fig. 1. The presence of rip currents in the field is illustrated for two different beaches in Fig. 2 and 3. The rips are situated between the zones where waves are breaking on the nearshore sandbar.


Rip currents at Burrill Beach, South Coast NSW, Australia. The strength of the current is illustrated by the offshore plume of sediment that is stirred up from the seabed. The beach facing the rip is most exposed to wave breaking. Photo credit Daryl Gama. https://www.scienceofthesurf.com/
Rip cell at the barred coast of North Holland, The Netherlands. Photo credit Rens Jacobs https://beeldbank.rws.nl/


Channel rips arise on a barred sandy shoreface under moderate wave conditions when the direction of incident waves is close to shore-normal. The rip-channel bathymetry persists under such conditions, but disappears when the nearshore sandbars are straightened by highly energetic, obliquely incident waves. In case of oblique wave incidence the rip cell pattern travels slowly in the direction of the littoral drift. Morphodynamic rips usually have a regular spacing along the coast with wavelengths in the range 50 to 500 meters[1]. Wave refraction, wave breaking and associated radiation stress in the rip channel oppose rip flow strengthening. This negative feedback is thought to be responsible for the often observed pulsating character of the rip flow[2].

Boundary rips

Fig. 4. Rip currents induced by a groyne under oblique wave incidence. Updrift side (right): Deflection rip current. Downdrift side (left): Shadow rip current. Beach: yellow; sea: blue; shallow water: light blue; wave breaking: white; rip currents: red arrows; dotted dark blue lines: wave rays.


Boundary rips are related to the presence of hard topographic structures (headlands, groynes, jetties) that locally shield the beach from obliquely incident waves. In the wave shadow zones the radiation stress is not in balance with the wave set-up at the beach. The excess pressure of the wave set-up generates a rip current that runs along the structure - a so-called shadow rip. The seaward rip flow is mainly recirculated by the onshore flow in the breaker zone[3].

The oblique wave incidence also generates a longshore current that causes accretion at the updrift side of the structure and erosion at the downdrift side. The longshore current at the updrift side is deflected offshore by the structure. This deflected current is called a deflection rip. It can extend far offshore, up to several times the surf zone width[4]. The shadow rip and deflection rip are schematically depicted in Fig. 4.


Other rip types

According to the more general definition several other mechanisms can produce rip currents.

Alongshore non-uniformity of wave energy can arise from the presence of offshore structures - natural seabed structures or manmade structures. Such structures produce a longshore modulation of wave energy in the breaker zone by shielding effects, by affecting local wave dissipation, or by creating specific wave diffraction and refraction patterns. The rip currents generated by offshore topography can become channelized, but unlike the morphodynamic rips, the channels are not self-organized with alongshore periodicity. The presence and strength of these forced rip currents strongly depends on offshore wave conditions[5].

Rip currents can also develop without interaction with morphology. These so-called hydrodynamic rips or flash rips are unpredictable and short-lived. The driving mechanism is not well established. There is some evidence that flash rips are related to flow vorticity generated by shear instability of the longshore current or by temporal and spatial alongshore non-uniformity of the wave breaking process[3].


Relevance of rip currents

  • Rip currents are dangerous for swimmers and are the major cause of swimming accidents and casualties
  • Rip currents can accelerate coastal erosion by transporting beach sand offshore, especially in the presence of structures such as groynes
  • Rip currents contribute to the mixing and flushing of nearshore waters and to the regulation of nearshore water quality[6]
  • Rip currents contribute to the exchange of organisms between nearshore and offshore waters


Recommended reviews on rip currents

Castelle, B., Scott, T., Brander, R.W. and McCarroll, R.J. 2016. Rip current types, circulation and hazard. Earth Science Reviews 163: 1–21
MacMahan, J.H., Reniers, A.J.H.M., Thornton, E.B. and Stanton, T.P. 2004. Surf zone eddies coupled with rip current morphology. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C07004
Largier, J.L. 2022. Rip Currents and the Influence of Morphology on Wave-Driven Cross-Shore Circulation. Ch. 8.05. Treatise on Geomorphology, 2nd edition, Volume 8. Elsevier.
Recommended website: https://www.scienceofthesurf.com/


Related articles

Rhythmic shoreline features
Currents
Nearshore sandbars
Shoreface profile


References

  1. ↑ Short, A.D. and Brander, R.W. 1999. Regional variations in rip density. J. Coast. Res. 15: 813–822
  2. ↑ MacMahan, J.H., Reniers, A.J.H.M., Thornton, E.B. and Stanton, T.P. 2004. Surf zone eddies coupled with rip current morphology. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C07004
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Castelle, B., Scott, T., Brander, R.W. and McCarroll, R.J. 2016. Rip current types, circulation and hazard. Earth Science Reviews 163: 1–21
  4. ↑ McCarroll, R.J., Brander, R.W., Turner, I.L., Power, H.E. and Mortlock, T.R. 2014. Lagrangian observations of circulation on an embayed beach with headland rip currents. Mar. Geol. 355: 173–18
  5. ↑ Long, J. and Özkan-Haller, H. 2016. Forcing and variability of nonstationary rip currents. J. Geophys. Res. 121: 520–539
  6. ↑ Largier, J.L. 2022. Rip Currents and the Influence of Morphology on Wave-Driven Cross-Shore Circulation. Ch. 8.05. Treatise on Geomorphology, 2nd edition, Volume 8. Elsevier


The main author of this article is Job Dronkers
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
Citation: Job Dronkers (2022): Rip current. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Rip_current [accessed on 21-11-2024]
Retrieved from "https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Rip_current&oldid=79771"