Difference between revisions of "Eutrophication"

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{{Definition
 
{{Definition
 
|title=
 
|title=
 
Eutrophication
 
Eutrophication
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|definition= (1) An increase in the supply of organic matter.<ref name="NIXON">Nixon, S. W. (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. ''Ophelia'', 41, 199–219.[ISI]</ref>
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|definition = (1) An increase in the supply of organic matter (Nixon, 1995<ref>Nixon, S. W. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199–219</ref>) <br>
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(2) A condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate growth of [[algae]] which leads to imbalanced functioning of the system (HELCOM 2006<ref>HELCOM 2006[http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/eutrophication/en_GB/front/]</ref>)<br>
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(3) The enrichment of water by [[nutrient]]s, especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus and organic matter, causing an increased growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an adverse deviation in structure, function and stability of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned, compared to reference conditions (Andersen et al. 2006<ref>Andersen, J. H., Schlüter, L. and Ærtebjerg, G. 2006. Coastal eutrophication: recent developments in definitions and implications for monitoring strategies. J. Plankton Res 28(7): 621-628</ref>)<br>
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(4) The enrichment of water by nutrients causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned” (OSPAR 2003<ref>OSPAR, 2003. In: Strategies of the OSPAR commission for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic (reference number: 2003e21)</ref>
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}}
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Eutrophication occurs when a limiting factor on the rate of growth and production of primary producers is released, most frequently via an input of inorganic or organic nutrients (Howarth 1988<ref>Howarth, R.W. 1988. Nutrient limitation of net primary production in marine ecosystems. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 89–110</ref>). High [[primary production]] boosted by eutrophication usually leads to oxygen depletion caused by decay of organic matter.
  
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(2) A condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate growth of [[algae]] which leads to imbalanced functioning of the system.<ref> HELCOM webpage, 2006 [http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/eutrophication/en_GB/front/]</ref>
 
  
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==Nutrients involved in eutrophication==
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====Nutrients needed in large quantities====
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*Nitrogen (<math>N</math>) is often a limiting nutrient to growth. Most common reactive form is dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) found in marine waters as nitrate (<math>NO_3^-</math>), nitrite (<math>NO_2^-</math>) and ammonium (<math>NH_4^+</math>). Nitrogen also occurs in the largely refractory form of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Small amounts of nitrogen occur in the not directly usable form of particulate organic matter (POM).
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*Phosphorous (<math>P</math>) is often a limiting nutrient to growth. Most common reactive form is dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) found as phosphate (<math>PO_4^{3-}</math>). Phosphorus also occurs in the largely refractory form of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Small amounts of phosphorus occur in the not directly usable form of particulate organic matter (POM).
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*Potassium (<math>K</math>)
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*Calcium (<math>Ca</math>)
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*Magnesium (<math>Mg</math>)
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*Sulfur (<math>S</math>)
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* Silicium (<math>Si</math>), mainly as silicic acid <math>Si(OH)_4</math> can be a limiting nutrient for diatoms
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====Nutrients needed in trace amounts====
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*Iron (<math>Fe</math>) can be a limiting nutrient
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*Boron (<math>B</math>)
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*Chlorine (<math>Cl</math>)
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*Manganese (<math>Mn</math>)
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*Zinc (<math>Zn</math>) can be a limiting nutrient
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*Copper (<math>Cu</math>)
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*Nickel (<math>Ni</math>)
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*Molybdenum (<math>Mo</math>)
  
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(3) The enrichment of water by [[nutrient]]s, especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus and organic matter, causing an increased growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an unacceptable deviation in structure, function and stability of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned, compared to reference conditions.<ref name="And">Andersen, J. H., Schlüter, L. and Ærtebjerg, G. (2006) Coastal eutrophication: recent developments in definitions and implications for monitoring strategies. ''J. Plankton Res''. 28(7): 621-628.</ref>
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==Eutrophication indicators==
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}}
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There are no widely applicable indicators of eutrophication due to the high variation in natural
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conditions and the interaction of multiple factors influencing eutrophication. Often Chlorophyll a (<math>Cl \, a</math>) is used as indicator of eutrophication, as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. However, the drawback of using of <math>Cl \, a</math> as an indicator is that there can be no increase in <math>Cl \, a</math> after nutrient concentrations have exceeded the threshold beyond which other factors (e.g. light, grazing) are limiting. Additionally, <math>Cl \, a</math> measures only changes in the abundance of primary producers and cannot indicate any changes in community composition that may occur simultaneously (Jessen et al. 2015<ref>Jessen, C., Bednarz, V.N., Rix, L., Teichberg, M. and Wild, C. 2015. Marine Eutrophication. In: Armon, R., Hänninen, O. (eds) Environmental Indicators. Springer, Dordrecht</ref>).
  
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__NOTOC__
 
  
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==Articles on eutrophication==
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==Articles related to eutrophication==
  
 
===Eutrophication processes===
 
===Eutrophication processes===
 
* [[Eutrophication in coastal environments]]
 
* [[Eutrophication in coastal environments]]
 
* [[What causes eutrophication?]]
 
* [[What causes eutrophication?]]
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* [[Continental Nutrient Sources and Nutrient Transformation]]
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* [[Nutrient conversion in the marine environment]]
 
* [[Which resource limits coastal phytoplankton growth/ abundance: underwater light or nutrients?]]
 
* [[Which resource limits coastal phytoplankton growth/ abundance: underwater light or nutrients?]]
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* [[Nutrient dynamics]]
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* [[Marine microorganisms]]
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* [[Marine Plankton]]
  
 
===Eutrophication impacts===
 
===Eutrophication impacts===
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===Eutrophication monitoring===
 
===Eutrophication monitoring===
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* [[Monitoring the water quality of coastal waters with automatic equipment]]
 
 
* [[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]
 
* [[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]
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* [[Plankton remote sensing]]
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* [[Plankton remote sensing North Sea]]
 
* [[Real-time algae monitoring]]
 
* [[Real-time algae monitoring]]
 
* [[Optical measurements in coastal waters]]
 
* [[Optical measurements in coastal waters]]
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* [[Sampling tools for the marine environment]]
 
* [[Sampling tools for the marine environment]]
 
* [[FerryBox - Continuous and automatic water quality observations along transects]]
 
* [[FerryBox - Continuous and automatic water quality observations along transects]]
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* [[Determining coastal water constituents from space]]
 
 
* [[Detecting the unknown - novelty detection of exceptional water reflectance spectra]]
 
* [[Detecting the unknown - novelty detection of exceptional water reflectance spectra]]
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* [[Estimation of spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the North Sea]]
 
 
* [[The Baltic Algae Watch System - a remote sensing application for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea]]
 
* [[The Baltic Algae Watch System - a remote sensing application for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea]]
  
 
===Eutrophication modelling===
 
===Eutrophication modelling===
 
* [[Coupled hydrodynamic - water quality - ecological modelling]]
 
* [[Coupled hydrodynamic - water quality - ecological modelling]]
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* [[Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]
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* [[Nutrient loading of coastal waters]]
  
 
===Eutrophication policy===
 
===Eutrophication policy===

Latest revision as of 12:31, 11 November 2024

Definition of Eutrophication:
(1) An increase in the supply of organic matter (Nixon, 1995[1])

(2) A condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate growth of algae which leads to imbalanced functioning of the system (HELCOM 2006[2])
(3) The enrichment of water by nutrients, especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus and organic matter, causing an increased growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an adverse deviation in structure, function and stability of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned, compared to reference conditions (Andersen et al. 2006[3])

(4) The enrichment of water by nutrients causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned” (OSPAR 2003[4]
This is the common definition for Eutrophication, other definitions can be discussed in the article


Eutrophication occurs when a limiting factor on the rate of growth and production of primary producers is released, most frequently via an input of inorganic or organic nutrients (Howarth 1988[5]). High primary production boosted by eutrophication usually leads to oxygen depletion caused by decay of organic matter.


Nutrients involved in eutrophication

Nutrients needed in large quantities

  • Nitrogen ([math]N[/math]) is often a limiting nutrient to growth. Most common reactive form is dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) found in marine waters as nitrate ([math]NO_3^-[/math]), nitrite ([math]NO_2^-[/math]) and ammonium ([math]NH_4^+[/math]). Nitrogen also occurs in the largely refractory form of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Small amounts of nitrogen occur in the not directly usable form of particulate organic matter (POM).
  • Phosphorous ([math]P[/math]) is often a limiting nutrient to growth. Most common reactive form is dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) found as phosphate ([math]PO_4^{3-}[/math]). Phosphorus also occurs in the largely refractory form of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Small amounts of phosphorus occur in the not directly usable form of particulate organic matter (POM).
  • Potassium ([math]K[/math])
  • Calcium ([math]Ca[/math])
  • Magnesium ([math]Mg[/math])
  • Sulfur ([math]S[/math])
  • Silicium ([math]Si[/math]), mainly as silicic acid [math]Si(OH)_4[/math] can be a limiting nutrient for diatoms

Nutrients needed in trace amounts

  • Iron ([math]Fe[/math]) can be a limiting nutrient
  • Boron ([math]B[/math])
  • Chlorine ([math]Cl[/math])
  • Manganese ([math]Mn[/math])
  • Zinc ([math]Zn[/math]) can be a limiting nutrient
  • Copper ([math]Cu[/math])
  • Nickel ([math]Ni[/math])
  • Molybdenum ([math]Mo[/math])

Eutrophication indicators

There are no widely applicable indicators of eutrophication due to the high variation in natural conditions and the interaction of multiple factors influencing eutrophication. Often Chlorophyll a ([math]Cl \, a[/math]) is used as indicator of eutrophication, as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. However, the drawback of using of [math]Cl \, a[/math] as an indicator is that there can be no increase in [math]Cl \, a[/math] after nutrient concentrations have exceeded the threshold beyond which other factors (e.g. light, grazing) are limiting. Additionally, [math]Cl \, a[/math] measures only changes in the abundance of primary producers and cannot indicate any changes in community composition that may occur simultaneously (Jessen et al. 2015[6]).


Articles related to eutrophication

Eutrophication processes

Eutrophication impacts

Eutrophication monitoring

Eutrophication modelling

Eutrophication policy


References

  1. ↑ Nixon, S. W. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199–219
  2. ↑ HELCOM 2006[1]
  3. ↑ Andersen, J. H., Schlüter, L. and Ærtebjerg, G. 2006. Coastal eutrophication: recent developments in definitions and implications for monitoring strategies. J. Plankton Res 28(7): 621-628
  4. ↑ OSPAR, 2003. In: Strategies of the OSPAR commission for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic (reference number: 2003e21)
  5. ↑ Howarth, R.W. 1988. Nutrient limitation of net primary production in marine ecosystems. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 89–110
  6. ↑ Jessen, C., Bednarz, V.N., Rix, L., Teichberg, M. and Wild, C. 2015. Marine Eutrophication. In: Armon, R., Hänninen, O. (eds) Environmental Indicators. Springer, Dordrecht
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