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• Decision Support Systems for coastal risk assessment and management
  ...de a Digital Terrain model (Fig. 2) – as detailed as possible; hydraulic structures and infrastructures position, geometry; map of land-use including critical ...orities (municipalities, regional governments, ministry) and scattered and hard to obtain, due to miscommunication among the owners and confidentiality iss
  17 KB (2,405 words) - 11:54, 20 February 2024
• Extreme storms
  ...undation, beach or shore erosion, as well as damages to coastal protection structures or to infrastructure of developed coastal areas (see Figs. 1a-1f). The most ...the toe of structures protecting coastal areas and wave battering of such structures<ref name=Stull></ref>.
  25 KB (3,812 words) - 20:36, 18 September 2023
• Rhythmic shoreline features
  ...ath>L</math> is sometimes dictated by external constraints like human-made structures (e.g., groins or breakwaters, see Figure 1a) or the inherited geology (e.g ...eral orders of magnitude, roughly from 1 m to 100 km (see Figure 2). It is hard to think that they simply come out of random processes and their simplicity
  41 KB (6,530 words) - 10:19, 3 July 2022
• Swash zone dynamics
  ...us, the morphology is influenced by the presence of dunes, cliffs and hard structures at the landward extent of the beach, by conditions in the inner surf one, n
  32 KB (4,942 words) - 12:58, 5 April 2021
• Estuarine ecosystems
  ...g. 3). These mudflats are less suitable for organisms with an affinity for hard substratum but provide an important habitat for a range of burrowing invert ...s and marinas) are usually located right at the waterfront with supporting structures (roads, railways) that cut off the connections with the upper shore habitat
  22 KB (3,117 words) - 23:14, 20 January 2024
• Threats to cold water coral reefs, sand banks and seagrass habitats in the North Sea by climate change effects
  '''Reefs''' are hard mineral substrates such as rocks, till, or stones, primarily moraine ridges * biogenic hard substrates such as honeycomb (Sabellaria) reefs and mussel banks are presen
  14 KB (2,043 words) - 18:40, 7 March 2023
• Coastal and marine sediments
  ...rtz and clay minerals. Quartz is the only common rock mineral that is both hard (resistant to abrasion) and chemically stable at the Earth's surface. This ...ite CaAl₂Si₂O₈. These minerals are fairly hard, often with pink, white, or grey in color. About 40% of the lithosphere con
  56 KB (8,246 words) - 17:33, 30 December 2023
• Hard coastal protection structures
  ...ardening in the US. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13: 301–307</ref>, and coastal structures exist along 9.4% of the coastline in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage ...ki articles are indicated where a more detailed discussion of hard coastal structures can be found. Large parts of this article are taken from the coastal engine
  15 KB (2,136 words) - 17:04, 23 May 2024
• Dealing with coastal erosion
  ===Shoreline stabilisation with hard measures=== ...the net littoral drift <math>S(x)</math> along the shoreline for different hard interventions, such as groynes or detached breakwaters.]]
  18 KB (2,830 words) - 16:57, 26 August 2022
• Hard shoreline protection structures
  #Redirect[[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  47 bytes (5 words) - 18:59, 21 February 2019
• Shore protection, coast protection and sea defence methods
  #Redirect[[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  47 bytes (5 words) - 19:09, 21 February 2019
• Nature-based shore protection
  Nature can offer shore protection in addition to or instead of manmade hard structures. Nature-based shore protection is provided by living shorelines that genera ...ewed the functionality of natural barriers as nature-based coastal defence structures. Their analyses and syntheses demonstrated the following: ''a) coastal habi
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Classification of sandy coastlines
  ...ve exposure. The geomorphological processes associated with these physical structures are also fundamental to the way in which the more dynamic habitats and ecos ...alt with in [[Dealing with coastal erosion]] and [[Hard coastal protection structures]].
  17 KB (2,622 words) - 20:46, 31 March 2021
• Stability of rubble mound breakwaters and shore revetments
  Extensive treatments on the stability of shore protection structures under the influence of waves and currents can be found in the ''Rock Manual ...ial reefs]] and [[Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering]]. Coastal structures can influence the shoreline morphology in several ways; this influence is d
  53 KB (8,394 words) - 12:45, 26 May 2024
• Sand spit
  ...currently sediment starved, after the protection of the promontory with a hard seawall. The sand spit is thinning and moving southward, causing erosion of ...depending on the type of morphodynamic feedback. Self-organized shoreline structures can also develop at low-angle wave incidence, triggered by other processes,
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 16:25, 9 May 2023
• Ecological enhancement of coastal protection structures
  ...n of ecosystems that reinforce the shore protection function of artificial structures. Examples discussed in this article are ecological enhancement with reef bu ...coastal stretches around the world have been armored with hard protection structures. For example, 14% of the United States coastline (Popkin, 2015<ref>Popkin,
  16 KB (2,325 words) - 21:09, 31 March 2024
• Shoreline retreat and recovery
  ..., especially in cases where the beach is backed by a natural or artificial hard structure. ...ots result from wave focusing through refraction over offshore bathymetric structures<ref>Healy, T.R. 1987. The importance of wave focusing in the coastal erosio
  29 KB (4,526 words) - 12:45, 24 April 2024
• Coral islands
  ...been degraded, recovery is more beneficial than technical repair with hard structures, in both environmental and cost aspects<ref name=F14/>. Recovery of the ree
  8 KB (1,229 words) - 20:45, 2 April 2024
• Wave collision on a vertical wall
  ...k has been believed to be a water hammer shock. When a metal hammer hits a hard wall an elastic compression wave will travel with the sound velocity from t ...>Kamel, A.M. 1968. Shock pressure caused by waves breaking against coastal structures. US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Res. Rep. H- 68- 2</ref>).
  7 KB (1,237 words) - 19:00, 10 January 2023
• Wave transmission by low-crested breakwaters
  |definition= Low-crested breakwaters are manmade wave damping structures in nearshore waters with crest level just above or just below the still wat ...of incoming waves and thereby protect beaches against erosion. While these structures only partially reduce incoming waves, they offer several advantages over hi
  8 KB (1,271 words) - 19:43, 31 March 2024

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