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• Overtopping resistant dikes
  ...e years of testing with the Wave Overtopping Simulator. In: Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters, Adapting to change 2: 460-473</ref>. ...en overflowing) of the dikes; failure started at the landward slope of the structures<ref>Gerritsen, H. 2005. What happened in 1953? The Big Flood in the Netherl
  19 KB (3,217 words) - 00:20, 9 March 2023
• Deteriorated groynes
  ...ions were performed for the coastal segment and bathymetry without coastal structures. The results are presented in Figs. 3-7, where depth-averaged and near-bed [[Category:Hard structures]]
  25 KB (3,878 words) - 17:18, 3 September 2020
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  Biogenic [[reef]]s can be described as hard compact structures created by the activity of living organisms. They do not share an uniform s ...wever, it can be gregarious under favorable conditions, forming large reef-structures (upto 30 cm high) (Hendrick and Foster-Smith, 2006<ref>Hendrick, V.J., Fos
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of dunes
  ...e sand is difficult. Since they are looking for a hard surface to walk on, hard paths must be built. A marked path (through fences and with educational pan ...roach. The goal is to protect developed areas, traditionally by using hard structures (Klein ''et al.'', 2001<ref>KLEIN R.J.T., NICHOLLS R.J., RAGOONADEN S., CAP
  15 KB (2,195 words) - 12:23, 8 October 2021
• Shore protection vegetation
  ...dth (beach slope) is a natural dynamic response if hard manmade or natural structures are absent (McLachlan et al., 2018<ref name=MD>McLachlan, A. and Defeo, O. ...ion is to strengthen a coastal-defense dune through the incorporation of a hard concrete or rocky core (Oderiz et al., 2020<ref> Oderiz, I., Knochelmann, N
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  Biogenic [[reef]]s can be described as hard compact structures created by the activity of living organisms <ref name= "Biogenic reef">[[Bi ...s been suggested that a reef can increase in extent without the need for hard substratum (Holt ''et al.'', 1997<ref>HOLT T., HARTNOLL R. & HAWKINS S., 19
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• Gravel Beaches
  ...to replenish [[Coast erosion|eroding beaches]], often in conjunction with structures such as rock or wooden [[groynes]] or offshore breakwaters. This is because ...n the supply of sediment from one point to another. However, where marine structures are constructed which cut of the supply from further up the coast, comparis
  40 KB (6,109 words) - 17:19, 24 February 2023
• Wave energy converters in coastal structures
  ...e designed to withstand. This will be the case, in particular, for all the structures built in shallow water where the depth imposes the maximal amplitude becaus These structures need therefore to be modernized and adapted to [[climate change]]. Adaptati
  20 KB (3,003 words) - 15:51, 25 February 2023
• Sand by-pass systems
  ...e classical processes of accretion of sediment at the up drift side of the structures and the erosion at the down drift side will start right after the construct ...jetty. Sediment will pass the structure. One of the main functions of the structures, stopping the sediment transport, is then not fulfilled anymore.)
  15 KB (2,517 words) - 18:13, 18 January 2022
• Wave overtopping
  ...=E18>EurOtop, 2018. Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures. An overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worldwid ...roved guidance on roughness and crest width in overtopping of rubble mound structures along EurOtop. Coastal Engineering 176, 104152</ref>). The general form of
  7 KB (1,059 words) - 17:19, 24 January 2024
• Threats to Coral Reefs: the Effects of Chemical Pollution
  ...rowth form, including excessive sclerite production to form granuloma-like structures, and [[coral bleaching|bleaching]]. Bleaching is caused by loss of zooxanth ...ellular physiological effects of the MV Kyowa violet fuel-oil spill on the hard coral, Porites lobata. Environ Toxicol Chem., 25(12), 3171-3180.]</ref>. Wh
  20 KB (2,870 words) - 09:27, 7 October 2022
• Climate adaptation measures for the coastal zone
  ...elf-regulating capacity) against climate change impacts than hard man-made structures. ...tion measures aim to limit damage if (natural or manmade) flood protection structures fail or are overtopped by extreme water levels<ref name=I>IPCC, 2011. Summa
  30 KB (4,609 words) - 12:46, 15 November 2023
• Case study Northern Devon
  ...t1.2.pdf. Fisheries governance and the social processes that make up these structures are highly dynamic and this table should be read with that in mind.]'' ...this FLAG there is an aspiration across different sectors to build on the hard won successes in terms of representative capacity and relationships forged.
  14 KB (2,062 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Case study North Norfolk
  ...t1.2.pdf. Fisheries governance and the social processes that make up these structures are highly dynamic and this table should be read with that in mind.]'' Yet the FLAG has to work hard to overcome an historical apathy for collective action and the natural indi
  13 KB (1,935 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Rocky shore habitat
  ...very hot temperatures. Especially animals with a small body weight have a hard time. .... The light that is not used or dissipated can cause damage to subcellular structures.
  23 KB (3,539 words) - 22:36, 14 March 2021
• Coral Molecular Biomarkers
  ...ying such data to understanding their effects on populations and community structures and functions (Richmond 2004). Ecotoxicology aims to predict the effects o ...er discharge, fungicides, herbicides, construction materials of waterfront structures, and heat exchangers in power plants (Victor & Richmond 2005).
  50 KB (7,106 words) - 12:42, 14 September 2020
• Coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes and engineering
  * [[Wave impact]] – stability of structures under wave attack * [[Turbulence]] – generation, coherent flow structures, dissipation, Kolmogorov theory, spectrum, shear stress, diffusion, mixing
  20 KB (2,427 words) - 17:21, 20 May 2024
• Morphology of estuaries
  **Channel fixation. Channel fixation by artificial embankments or other hard structures impedes the natural propensity of tidal channels to migrate and erode chann ...determined not only by river discharge, but also by the presence of sills (hard outcrops) in the channel bed. A more detailed discussion is presented in [[
  87 KB (13,505 words) - 12:18, 20 January 2024
• Harbour porpoise in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...of an adult harbor porpoise (''Phocoena phocoena'') head showing the nasal structures and the position of the larynx (LA). (a) overview. (b) detail of boxed area ...of fish who in their turn are attracted by the new habitats formed by the hard substrate of the foundations of the wind turbines (reef effect). Another pl
  77 KB (11,773 words) - 16:58, 17 February 2024
• Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering
  ...at attention has turned to the use of these materials on permanent coastal structures. Before they have been mostly applied on temporary and emergency works. Exp ..., J. (2007). Hydraulic stability of geotextile sand containers for coastal structures - effect of deformations and stability formulae, PhD Thesis: Leichtweiβ In
  33 KB (4,961 words) - 17:31, 20 May 2020

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