Difference between revisions of "Dynamics and structure of the water and matter ex-change between the Wadden Sea and the German Bight"
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Revision as of 20:28, 28 June 2019
Contents
Introduction
The coupling between the German Bight and the Wadden Sea is of high importance for the cycles of matter in this area and significantly affects the state and ecosystem key processes within the Wadden Sea: Sediments in the Wadden Sea are imported from the adjacent areas of the German Bight and overturned and decomposed there, and dissolved nutrients are exported from the Wadden Sea, depending on the nature and the time scale of internal and exchange processes. The German Bight and the Wadden Sea are highly dynamic natural environments characterised by strongly varying physical impact from tidal currents and waves and significant changes in water temperature, salinity, and suspended matter concentration, to name a few parameters. This temporal and spatial variability requires long-term observations to understand the exact nature of exchange processes and to determine the direction of fluxes and the relevant time scales on which they occur. It is, for example, still unknown whether the Wadden Sea seafloor will grow, by accumulating suspended matter and sand, with sea level rise, or not.
The ideal observational tool would be a continuous monitoring of the exchanged water bodies including the dissolved and suspended matter and the bedload transport of the sand over a full cross-section of a tidal inlet connecting the Wadden Sea with the open North Sea. This was partly achieved in the Dutch Wadden Sea, implementing an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) and a conductivity temperature depth sensor (CTD) onboard the ferry connecting Den Helder and Texel. For the German Wadden Sea, a comparable infrastructure is not yet available. As an alternative, GKSS is using fixed piles as permanent multiparameter measuring platforms, complemented by ship cruises checking the representativity of the pile positions.
Methodology
The method comprises three elements: continuous automated measurements at pile stations, ship surveys to assess the representativity of the pile location and repeated sampling at the piles and during ship surveys.
Since 1996, GKSS has operated pile stations at several locations in the German Wadden Sea (Fig. 1 and 2). For practical operation, the position of the piles has to be selected according to the following criteria: limited exposure to waves, allow regular maintenance work, water depth at low water of about 3 m, an optimum between pile stability and water coverage of the sensors at extreme low water. The piles are assembled out of several iron tubes with an outer diameter of 40 cm. A cage is mounted on top which carries solar panels for energy supply, data logger, telemetry units and standard meteo-*rological sensors (Table 1). The overall length of the system amounts to some 15 metres, depending on the tidal range of the particular area. To assure stable fixing the tubes are flushed into the ground by seven metres.
"Calibration/representativity campaigns" with a cruising research vessel (Fig. 3) are occasionally conducted close to the time series stations in order to convert the point-measurements of water properties to volume fluxes in the tidal channel. These campaigns with the GKSS-owned research vessels “Ludwig Prandtl” and “Storch” are carried out every year in order to extrapolate the point observations taken at the piles to the full channel cross-section at the pile location or even to a larger part of the tidal basin.
Problems
A problem common to all automated instruments in seawater is biofouling. Organisms of various sizes settle on the instruments and modify the measuring values. Regular maintenance is therefore of utmost importance to clean the instruments, in particular the optical surfaces (window for light transmission) and the cables where barnacles eat away the cable protection. The maintenance frequency depends on the seasons: in early spring and late autumn, a cleaning once in two weeks is sufficient, in late spring and summer this interval has to be reduced to 4-5 days. Floc- and grain-size of the suspended matter changes with tidal phase and season, as does the relationship between sample SPMC and the optical and acoustical detection signals. This creates additional uncertainty in the SPMC-time-series, as sampling can occur only at widely scattered times. In wintertime, when suspended sediment dynamics is expected to be highest, the stations must be removed because on the one hand ice may damage the pole, and on the other hand the energy supply of the solar panels may not be sufficient to operate the instruments.
Applications
1. Calculation of water exchange in the Langeoog-Baltrum bight using gauge level and hypsographic data
From the water level measured at the pole station we calculate for every time step the total water content of the backbarrier area (for this purpose, the system’s topography must be known). Taking two subsequent volumes, a water flux in the respective time span can be calculated. In order to correlate this point measurement to a flux representative for the entire area, ship-based ADCP measurements of the water fluxes in the tidal inlet must be performed. This has been done, e.g., in the bight between the East Frisian Islands Langeoog and Baltrum, on four occasions in May and August 2000. The flux values are compared to the values obtained from the ADCP measurements during the ship cruises (Fig. 5). The correlation is satisfactory; thus water fluxes through the tidal inlet can be calculated from the pole gauge data for the entire operation time of the station (Fig. 6). These reconstructed water fluxes can be compared to the fluxes derived from the CoastDat database which contains results from a current and sea state model (Fig. 6) and thus serve as valuable boundary information in the highly dynamic Wadden Sea zone. The combination of these pieces of information will eventually lead to a better understanding of the suspended matter transport, settling and resuspension, processes that are very sensitive to water flow velocity.
2. Estimation of residence times from salinity signal decay
Exchange times of the Wadden Sea water bodies are an important factor determining water quality. In enclosed and semi-enclosed water bodies like the Baltic Sea, oxygen depletion is much more common than in well-mixed waters like the North Sea. Thus, a large exchange time decouples the Wadden Sea water from the German Bight whereas a smaller exchange time reduces the danger of oxygen depletion phenomena. The exchange times are estimated from hydrodynamic models but not measured.
If a stronger precipitation event in the Wadden Sea is followed by some days without rain, the signal (lower salinity) created by the freshwater input should decay with the characteristic “Wadden Sea time scale” that can be derived from the measurements (Fig. 7). This measured exchange time is altered by wind (high wind speed enhances exchange processes) and the spring/neap tidal cycle (at spring tide, flow velocities are twice as fast as during neap tide).
It is planned to compare the time scales derived from this method to numerical tracer experiments and thus to extend the determination of characteristic residence time scales at the location of the piles to the entire *Wadden Sea.
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Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
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Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
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Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
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Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
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