Difference between revisions of "Beachrock"
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{{Definition|title=Beachrock | {{Definition|title=Beachrock | ||
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==Beachrock occurrence== | ==Beachrock occurrence== | ||
| − | The occurrence of beachrock is a widespread phenomenon along sandy shores in tropical and subtropical regions, in particular between 20° and 40°. Beachrock is also exceptionally found in | + | The occurrence of beachrock is a widespread phenomenon along sandy shores in tropical and subtropical regions, in particular between 20° and 40°. Beachrock is also exceptionally found in high-latitude regions.<ref>Rey, D., Rubio, B., Bernabeu, A.M. and Vilas, F. 2004. Formation, exposure, and evolution of a high-latitude beachrock in the intertidal zone of the Corrubedo complex (Ria de Arousa, Galicia, NW Spain). Sediment. Geol. 169: 93–105</ref><ref>Cooper, J.A.G., Green, A.N. and Wiles, E.A. 2017. Beachrock Morphology and Genesis on a Paraglacial Beach. Sediment. Geol. 360: 47–53</ref> Beachrock formations can extend over hundreds of meters to kilometers, but smaller patches of beachrock are also observed. It can be present in the surf zone up to higher on the beach. The thickness varies from less than 0.5 m to more than 2.5 m, where the thicker occurrences are associated with larger sea level fluctuations.<ref name=VR>Vieira, M.M. and De Ros, L.F. 2007. Cementation patterns and genetic implications of Holocene beachrocks from northeastern Brazil. Sediment. Geol. 192: 207–230</ref> Beachrock exposure is often associated with erosional beach trends. <ref name=V7/> Most datings of beachrock indicate ages of thousands of years, but recent formations also exist. <ref>Wiles, E., Green, A. N. and Cooper, A. 2018. Rapid beachrock cementation on a South African beach: Linking morphodynamics and cement style. Sedimentary Geology 378, 13</ref> The preservation potential of beachrock formations allows for the identification of ancient shorelines and estimates of past sea level change. <ref>Cooper, J.A.G. 1991. Beachrock Formation in Low Latitudes: Implications for Coastal Evolutionary Models. Mar. Geol. 98: 145–154</ref> Under slow sea level rise, beachrock erosion can in some cases produce cobble/boulder beaches. |
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==Beachrock formation process== | ==Beachrock formation process== | ||
Beachrock is formed by precipitation of the cementing agents High Magnesian Calcite (HMC) and Aragonite (Ar). Different factors are thought to play a role in the precipitation process<ref name=V7/>, such as alternate wetting and drying of the beach face, high interstitial water temperatures, CO2 de-gassing of carbonate-saturated groundwaters or biological activity involving bacteria or algae. Which processes are dominant is not yet fully clear. Beachrock can consist of all sorts of sediments, such as sands and gravels of both clastic and biogenic origin.<ref name=VR/> | Beachrock is formed by precipitation of the cementing agents High Magnesian Calcite (HMC) and Aragonite (Ar). Different factors are thought to play a role in the precipitation process<ref name=V7/>, such as alternate wetting and drying of the beach face, high interstitial water temperatures, CO2 de-gassing of carbonate-saturated groundwaters or biological activity involving bacteria or algae. Which processes are dominant is not yet fully clear. Beachrock can consist of all sorts of sediments, such as sands and gravels of both clastic and biogenic origin.<ref name=VR/> | ||
| − | ==Artificial beachrock protection== | + | ==Artificial beachrock for shoreline protection== |
Laboratory experiments show that beachrock can be created artificially using sand samples and ureolytic bacteria under accelerating conditions.<ref>Saitis, G., Karkani, A., Koutsopoulou, E., Tsanakas, K., Kawasaki, S. and Evelpidou, N. 2022. Beachrock Formation Mechanism Using Multiproxy Experimental Data from Natural and Artificial Beachrocks: Insights for a Potential Soft Engineering Method. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10, 87</ref> A field experiment was conducted by Li et al. (2024<ref>Li, Y., Guo, Z., Wang, L., Zhu, Y. and Rui, S. 2024. Field implementation to resist coastal erosion of sandy slope by eco-friendly methods. Coastal Engineering 189, 104489</ref>). A cementing solution of urea and calcium chloride containing the bacterium ''Sporosarcina pasteurii'' was sprayed at test sites on the dry beach and in the intertidal zone. One-hour spraying was repeated for several days, resulting in the formation of a crushable cemented layer of gradually increasing thickness, which after about 2 weeks reached 17 cm on the dry beach and 5 cm on the intertidal beach. The gained erosion resistance of the beach decreased after this period and disappeared on the intertidal beach after 1 month and on the dry beach after 2 months. It appears that periodic repeating of this biostimulated beach reinforcement technique is necessary for long-term erosion protection of the beach. | Laboratory experiments show that beachrock can be created artificially using sand samples and ureolytic bacteria under accelerating conditions.<ref>Saitis, G., Karkani, A., Koutsopoulou, E., Tsanakas, K., Kawasaki, S. and Evelpidou, N. 2022. Beachrock Formation Mechanism Using Multiproxy Experimental Data from Natural and Artificial Beachrocks: Insights for a Potential Soft Engineering Method. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10, 87</ref> A field experiment was conducted by Li et al. (2024<ref>Li, Y., Guo, Z., Wang, L., Zhu, Y. and Rui, S. 2024. Field implementation to resist coastal erosion of sandy slope by eco-friendly methods. Coastal Engineering 189, 104489</ref>). A cementing solution of urea and calcium chloride containing the bacterium ''Sporosarcina pasteurii'' was sprayed at test sites on the dry beach and in the intertidal zone. One-hour spraying was repeated for several days, resulting in the formation of a crushable cemented layer of gradually increasing thickness, which after about 2 weeks reached 17 cm on the dry beach and 5 cm on the intertidal beach. The gained erosion resistance of the beach decreased after this period and disappeared on the intertidal beach after 1 month and on the dry beach after 2 months. It appears that periodic repeating of this biostimulated beach reinforcement technique is necessary for long-term erosion protection of the beach. | ||
==Influence on beach processes== | ==Influence on beach processes== | ||
| − | Beaches with ancient beachrock are morphologically adapted to these rocky structures | + | Beaches with ancient beachrock are morphologically adapted to these rocky structures. The sediment transport capacity is reduced, resulting in overall smaller fluctuations in erosion and deposition, which confers relative stability to the beach state. However, sediment return after storm erosion is hampered, possibly leading to gradual beach degradation.<ref>Xu, J.,Wang, Y. and Lu, P. 2024. The Influence of Beachrock Outcrop on Spatial Variability in Beach Morphology. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 12, 945</ref> Backwash creates gullies and scour holes at the seaward edge of the beachrock.<ref name=V7/> Modern beachrock alters beach morphology in a way similar to hard artificial structures by modifying longshore and cross-shore sediment transport, see e.g. [[Detached breakwaters]], [[Groynes]]. |
The presence of beachrocks influences biodiversity by creating new habitats. Indigenous fauna and flora of the beach is replaced by hard substrate benthic assemblages. These assemblages can be rich and diverse, providing, for example, a habitat for sea anemones (''Actiniaria''). <ref>Gornes, P. B., Belern, M. J. and Schlenz, E. 1998. Distribution, abundance and adaptations of three species of Actiniidae (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) on an intertidal beach rock in Carneiros beach, Pernarnbuco, Brazil. Misc. Zool. 21.2: 65-7</ref> | The presence of beachrocks influences biodiversity by creating new habitats. Indigenous fauna and flora of the beach is replaced by hard substrate benthic assemblages. These assemblages can be rich and diverse, providing, for example, a habitat for sea anemones (''Actiniaria''). <ref>Gornes, P. B., Belern, M. J. and Schlenz, E. 1998. Distribution, abundance and adaptations of three species of Actiniidae (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) on an intertidal beach rock in Carneiros beach, Pernarnbuco, Brazil. Misc. Zool. 21.2: 65-7</ref> | ||
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[[Category:Physical coastal and marine processes]] | [[Category:Physical coastal and marine processes]] | ||
[[Category:Sediment]] | [[Category:Sediment]] | ||
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| + | <ref>Cooper, J.A.G. 1991. Beachrock Formation in Low Latitudes: Implications for Coastal Evolutionary Models. Mar. Geol. 98: 145–154</ref> | ||
| + | Beach rock stabilizes the shoreline, but also reduces sediment availability. Less sediment recovery after storm erosion (Bird, E.C.F., 1969. Coasts. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., | ||
| + | 246 pp) Beach rock erosion can produce cobble/boulder beach. Exposed beachrock indicates erosional trend. | ||
| + | Preservation potential provides evidence of ancient shorelines and past sea level change. | ||
Latest revision as of 14:53, 8 November 2024
Definition of Beachrock:
Beachrocks are hard coastal sedimentary formations consisting of various beach sediments, lithified through the precipitation of carbonate cements. [1]
This is the common definition for Beachrock, other definitions can be discussed in the article
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Contents
Beachrock occurrence
The occurrence of beachrock is a widespread phenomenon along sandy shores in tropical and subtropical regions, in particular between 20° and 40°. Beachrock is also exceptionally found in high-latitude regions.[2][3] Beachrock formations can extend over hundreds of meters to kilometers, but smaller patches of beachrock are also observed. It can be present in the surf zone up to higher on the beach. The thickness varies from less than 0.5 m to more than 2.5 m, where the thicker occurrences are associated with larger sea level fluctuations.[4] Beachrock exposure is often associated with erosional beach trends. [1] Most datings of beachrock indicate ages of thousands of years, but recent formations also exist. [5] The preservation potential of beachrock formations allows for the identification of ancient shorelines and estimates of past sea level change. [6] Under slow sea level rise, beachrock erosion can in some cases produce cobble/boulder beaches.
Beachrock formation process
Beachrock is formed by precipitation of the cementing agents High Magnesian Calcite (HMC) and Aragonite (Ar). Different factors are thought to play a role in the precipitation process[1], such as alternate wetting and drying of the beach face, high interstitial water temperatures, CO2 de-gassing of carbonate-saturated groundwaters or biological activity involving bacteria or algae. Which processes are dominant is not yet fully clear. Beachrock can consist of all sorts of sediments, such as sands and gravels of both clastic and biogenic origin.[4]
Artificial beachrock for shoreline protection
Laboratory experiments show that beachrock can be created artificially using sand samples and ureolytic bacteria under accelerating conditions.[7] A field experiment was conducted by Li et al. (2024[8]). A cementing solution of urea and calcium chloride containing the bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii was sprayed at test sites on the dry beach and in the intertidal zone. One-hour spraying was repeated for several days, resulting in the formation of a crushable cemented layer of gradually increasing thickness, which after about 2 weeks reached 17 cm on the dry beach and 5 cm on the intertidal beach. The gained erosion resistance of the beach decreased after this period and disappeared on the intertidal beach after 1 month and on the dry beach after 2 months. It appears that periodic repeating of this biostimulated beach reinforcement technique is necessary for long-term erosion protection of the beach.
Influence on beach processes
Beaches with ancient beachrock are morphologically adapted to these rocky structures. The sediment transport capacity is reduced, resulting in overall smaller fluctuations in erosion and deposition, which confers relative stability to the beach state. However, sediment return after storm erosion is hampered, possibly leading to gradual beach degradation.[9] Backwash creates gullies and scour holes at the seaward edge of the beachrock.[1] Modern beachrock alters beach morphology in a way similar to hard artificial structures by modifying longshore and cross-shore sediment transport, see e.g. Detached breakwaters, Groynes.
The presence of beachrocks influences biodiversity by creating new habitats. Indigenous fauna and flora of the beach is replaced by hard substrate benthic assemblages. These assemblages can be rich and diverse, providing, for example, a habitat for sea anemones (Actiniaria). [10]
Related articles
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Vousdoukas, M.I., Velegrakis, A.F. and Plomaritis T.A. 2007. Beachrock occurrence, characteristics, formation mechanisms and impacts. Earth-Science Reviews 85: 23–46
- ↑ Rey, D., Rubio, B., Bernabeu, A.M. and Vilas, F. 2004. Formation, exposure, and evolution of a high-latitude beachrock in the intertidal zone of the Corrubedo complex (Ria de Arousa, Galicia, NW Spain). Sediment. Geol. 169: 93–105
- ↑ Cooper, J.A.G., Green, A.N. and Wiles, E.A. 2017. Beachrock Morphology and Genesis on a Paraglacial Beach. Sediment. Geol. 360: 47–53
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vieira, M.M. and De Ros, L.F. 2007. Cementation patterns and genetic implications of Holocene beachrocks from northeastern Brazil. Sediment. Geol. 192: 207–230
- ↑ Wiles, E., Green, A. N. and Cooper, A. 2018. Rapid beachrock cementation on a South African beach: Linking morphodynamics and cement style. Sedimentary Geology 378, 13
- ↑ Cooper, J.A.G. 1991. Beachrock Formation in Low Latitudes: Implications for Coastal Evolutionary Models. Mar. Geol. 98: 145–154
- ↑ Saitis, G., Karkani, A., Koutsopoulou, E., Tsanakas, K., Kawasaki, S. and Evelpidou, N. 2022. Beachrock Formation Mechanism Using Multiproxy Experimental Data from Natural and Artificial Beachrocks: Insights for a Potential Soft Engineering Method. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10, 87
- ↑ Li, Y., Guo, Z., Wang, L., Zhu, Y. and Rui, S. 2024. Field implementation to resist coastal erosion of sandy slope by eco-friendly methods. Coastal Engineering 189, 104489
- ↑ Xu, J.,Wang, Y. and Lu, P. 2024. The Influence of Beachrock Outcrop on Spatial Variability in Beach Morphology. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 12, 945
- ↑ Gornes, P. B., Belern, M. J. and Schlenz, E. 1998. Distribution, abundance and adaptations of three species of Actiniidae (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) on an intertidal beach rock in Carneiros beach, Pernarnbuco, Brazil. Misc. Zool. 21.2: 65-7
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[1] Beach rock stabilizes the shoreline, but also reduces sediment availability. Less sediment recovery after storm erosion (Bird, E.C.F., 1969. Coasts. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 246 pp) Beach rock erosion can produce cobble/boulder beach. Exposed beachrock indicates erosional trend.
Preservation potential provides evidence of ancient shorelines and past sea level change.- ↑ Cooper, J.A.G. 1991. Beachrock Formation in Low Latitudes: Implications for Coastal Evolutionary Models. Mar. Geol. 98: 145–154
