Sand dune - Country Report, Sweden

This article on the sand dunes of Sweden, is a revised country report from the 'Sand Dune Inventory of Europe' (Doody ed. 1991) . The 1991 inventory was prepared under the umbrella of the European Union for Dune Conservation [EUDC]. The original inventory was presented to the European Coastal Conservation Conference, held in the Netherlands in November 1991. It attempted to provide a description of the sand dune vegetation, sites and conservation issues throughout Europe including Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast and in the Mediterranean.

An overview article on European sand dunes provides links to the other European country reports. These represent chapters from updated individual country reports included in the revised, 2nd Edition of the 'Sand Dune Inventory of Europe' prepared for the International Sand Dune Conference “Changing Perspectives in Coastal Dune Management”, held from the 31st March - 3rd April 2008, in Liverpool, UK (Doody ed. 2008).

Status: Original text with minor revisions 2007; Authors: J Patrick Doody & Eddy van der Maarel

INTRODUCTION

The coast of Sweden has an uneven distribution of sand dunes around the coast. Although glaciofluvial deposits occur, as in Finland these are much less extensive than there. The basis of this chapter is a Ph.D. Thesis (Olsson 1974). Some of the data are in their turn derived from older publications. There is no overall estimate of the total area of dune in Sweden, though the Council of Europe report 1974 gives a figure of 2,000ha. This is a major underestimate, if the figures given in Olsson’s paper for the sites investigated are correct.

DISTRIBUTION AND TYPE OF DUNE

Raised beaches and sand dunes occur along the shore of Haparanda Sandskär, 20km west of the Finnish border on the north coast of the Bothnian Bay (Ericson and Wallentinus 1965). These are scattered (see Figure) and in many ways similar to those on the coast of Finland which have developed on a coastline, which is rising relative to sea level. By contrast, the southern provinces of Halland and Scania are rich in dunes (Olsson 1974) and based on the information available, larger. Coastal dunes can extend up to 4km inland and stretch from 15 to 40km in length (Olson 1993) . The large open sandy bays have a broad dune belt behind with active backshore dunes and an inner zone stabilised by pines, mainly planted during the nineteenth century. Erosion began with the start of agricultural activity as early as the 16th century. During the last 50 years, the attraction of sandy beaches for recreational activities has rapidly increased and caused environmental problems, notably destruction of dune grasses, which initiates wind erosion (Norrman et al. 1974). There are no dunes in the North West (Hallberg and Ivarsson 1965). Several physical types of dune occur, including those with a sequence of ridges lying parallel to the coast (hindshore), barrier islands and spits. They can reach a maximum height of 10-15m and are usually composed of non-calcareous sand. On the Falsterbo peninsula in southwest Sweden there are sub-parallel dune ridges that formed by accretion of wind-blown sand on successive longshore spits.

VEGETATION

As with Finland, the natural vegetation at the back dunes is woodland. In the south, oak and beech dominate, although the destruction of most examples probably took place in historic times. Burning and grazing by domestic stock appear to have been the principle agents and records suggest that major sand instability began around the 16th Century. As with elsewhere in Europe, systematic planting with pine forests has had a major influence on the present day vegetation. Grazing has also been an important component in the development of rich open grassland or heath. A summary of the types of plant communities follows. See also “Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden” (Olsson 1993, pages 133-136).

Strandline

Annual and perennial drift vegetation with Cakile maritima, Atriplex littoralis and Honckenya peploides.

Foredune

Various combinations of Ammophila arenaria and sandy grassland, which in the north is usually replaced by Ammocalamagrostis baltica* and Leymus arenarius.

Dune grassland

Short dry acid dune vegetation occurs in several forms but with Corynephorus canescens a frequent component. Calcareous grassland is rare. At least one site, Vittemölla, has calcareous dunes.

Dune slack

Several wetland communities occur including Carex nigra in a low vegetation, Phragmites australis marsh and aquatic vegetation.

Dune heath

Calluna vulgaris is important, though in some wetter forms of the vegetation Salix arenaria may be dominant. In other areas, Empetrum nigrum may be present.

• It is suggested that a more frequently used name is Calamophila baltica.

 

Woodland

A variety of forest and shrubby wood vegetation occurs with Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur or Betula pendula dominant.

Distribution of sand dunes in Sweden.

IMPORTANT SITES

The sites listed below are from the original inventory see Olsson (1974), except for Site 10, Rullsand (Ericson and Wallentinus 1979) and Gotska Sandön and Haparanda Skärgård (information from the Internet).

SITE NAME SIZE(ha) OTHER HABITAT STATUS 01. Haverdal 900? Forest, wetland NR, 1937 350 02. Tonnersa 1150* Pine plantation - 03. Angelholm 800* Pine plantation, wetland - 04. Falsterbo - Foteviken 7530 Shallow coastal waters SNINC; Pt NR 05. Sandhammaren 1000 Oak and pine plantation Pt NR 06. Vitemölla - Pine plantation - 07. Furuboda - Drained lagoon - 08. Fårö - - 09. Gotska Sandön 3600 Sandy beaches, forested dunes up to 43m NP 10. Rullsand (Billuden) - Hippophae - 11. Haparanda Skärgård - Lowlying island, sandy beaches and dunes NP

NR, Nature Reserve; NP, National Park; SNINC, Site of National Importance for Nature Conservation.

CONSERVATION

As with elsewhere in Northern Europe afforestation, to prevent sand blow, has had a major impact on the natural vegetation particularly in the older dunes. Information on other conservation problems is not available though sand stabilisation remains a important preoccupation in the face of increasing recreational pressure. Rosa rugosa is present in some dune areas and may be a long-term management problem.

Original contact: Prof. E. van der Maarel, Uppsala University, Dept. of Ecological Botany, Box 559, S-75122 UPPSALA, SWEDEN. At present at: Dept. of Plant Ecology, Uppsala University, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands

Additional information: Ecosystems of the World 2A Dry Coastal Ecosystems, Polar regions and Europe (Olsson 1993) Olsson, H., 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: Ecosystems of the World 2A Dry Coastal Ecosystems, Polar regions and Europe, ed., van der Maarel, Elsivier, 133-138. Cramer, W., 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of the Northern Baltic. In: Ecosystems of the World 2A Dry Coastal Ecosystems, Polar regions and Europe, ed., van der Maarel, Elsivier, 98-100. Additional information on spiders see, Almquist (1973)

REFERENCES

Almquist, S., 1973. Spider associations in coastal sand dunes. Oikos, 24, 444-457.