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Biological_Descriptors: CSV JSON RDF

Distribution Descriptors: CSV JSON RDF

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Biological_Descriptors

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of	Modification date"Modification date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the last modification of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Actinula	Actinula	Crawling larval stage of some hydoids (amend)	Larva	30 June 2015 09:36:37
Adult	Adult	The reproductively capable (mature), fully formed, usually longest lived, stage of an animals life cycle.	Lifestage	1 July 2015 09:49:35
AdultBody	Adult body	Attached or stuck to adult but not held in specialised appendage / receptacle	CementedAttached	3 June 2015 11:09:11
AdultBurrow	Adult burrow	Eggs are placed or retained within the parents burrow	EggClutchLocation	3 June 2015 11:07:44
AdultDiapause	Adult		DiapauseStage	6 May 2015 10:33:00
AgeAtMaturity	Age at maturity	Age recorded in days, months, years.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 10:58:08
AlternationOfGenerations	Alternation of generations	The alternation of generations, in the life cycle of an organism, that exhibit different modes of reproduction; typically sexual (diploid) and asexual (haploid) phases. Also termed metagenesis (Lincoln et al., 1998) (e.g. Daphnia, some rotifers)	ReproductiveType	27 July 2015 13:56:14
Amphiblastula	Amphiblastula	A poriferan larva, composed of a hollow ball of cells, with one hemisphere ciliated (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	30 June 2015 09:39:28
Anisogamous	Anisogamous	Having flagellate gametes of different size, shape or behaviour (from Bold, 1977 and Lincoln et al., 1998).	GameteType	3 June 2015 09:44:08
AnnualEpisodic	Annual episodic	Breeds every year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle).	Iteroparous	3 June 2015 10:43:05
AnnualProtracted	Annual protracted	Breeds every year over an extended or drawn out period.	Iteroparous	3 June 2015 10:43:30
ApomicticParthenogenesis	Apomictic parthenogenesis	Reproduction via single cells /eggs that are derived by mitosis (Barnes et al., 1993) - amictic.	AsexualReproduction	17 July 2015 13:41:07
Arrhenotoky	Arrhenotoky	Haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs (adapted from Lincoln 'et al., 1998).	Gonochoristic	3 June 2015 09:02:12
AscidianTadpole	Ascidian tadpole	A free-swimming tadpole-like larva of ascidians, characterized by a head (bearing internal organs and adhesive papilla) and tail (with notochord and neural tube) (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	30 June 2015 09:43:37
AsexualReproduction	Asexual reproduction	Reproduction not involving the exchange of genetic material, amictic, individuals derived form a single parent (Barnes et al., 2006); not involving the fusion of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998)	ReproductiveType	2 June 2015 15:21:43
AttachedSediment	Sediment surface	Attached to the sediment surface e.g. by mucilagenous sheath such as used by necklace shells, and opistobranchs	CementedAttached	3 June 2015 11:10:01
Auricularia	Auricularia	First free-swimming larval stage of the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a continuous and curving flagellated band (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 11:29:40
AutomicticParthenogenesis	Automictic parthenogenesis	Obligate self-fertilization (Lincoln et al., 1998) in which haploid eggs /gametes are produced by meiosis but diploidy is restored without fertilization.	Monoecious	3 June 2015 09:18:00
Biannual	<Biannual	Breeds less frequently than every two years.	Iteroparous	6 May 2015 08:12:42
BiannualEpisodic	Biannual episodic	Breeds every second year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle).	Iteroparous	3 June 2015 10:43:56
BiannualProtracted	Biannual protracted	Breeds once every two years over an extended or drawn out period.	Iteroparous	3 June 2015 10:44:16
Biological Descriptors	Biological Descriptors		Marine species traits	4 May 2015 11:03:36
Bipinnaria	Bipinnaria	First of the two free-swimming larval forms in the asteroids, characterized by a ciliary band and the presence of arm-like projections (Stachowitsch, 1992; Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	15 December 2015 13:27:03
Bivoltine	Bivoltine	Two generations per year (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency	3 June 2015 10:45:55
BodySize	Body size	A measurement of the size of the organism. Note - the measurement used to express body size varies within taxonomic groups. For example, some disciplines measure diameter, others carapace length, total body length or wing span. Also body size can vary with gender and life stage.	Biological Descriptors	13 May 2015 12:02:06
Bodylength	Body length	Maximum recorded linear body length (in millimetres) excluding appendages.	QuantitativeBodySize	18 December 2019 13:23:16
Brachioloaria	Brachiolaria	The second the two free-swimming larval forms in the asteroids, characterized by the appearance of three adhesive arms at the anterior end (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	15 December 2015 13:27:40
Broadcast	Broadcast	Both gametes are expelled (spawned) from the confines of the adult body or tissues, into the external fluid medium (water/air)	External	6 May 2015 08:41:17
BroodChamber	Brood chamber	Eggs retained by adult, usually in specialised cavity/appendage where the eggs develop to larval or juvenile stage	EggClutchLocation	3 June 2015 11:37:33
BroodingBehaviour	Brooding behaviour		Lifehistory	2 April 2020 13:19:45
Budding	Budding	A form of asexual multiplication in which a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism (Barnes et al., 1993).	Vegetative	3 June 2015 11:10:56
CementedAttached	Cemented or attached	The surface or body part to which eggs are attached by the parent	EggClutchLocation	3 June 2015 11:08:47
ClutchSize	Clutch size	Number of eggs laid at one time - in organisms that may lay eggs in one or more batches.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:02:09
Conaria	Conaria	Early larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with disc-shaped float, and consists of a hollow sphere with aboral thickening (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	30 June 2015 09:00:53
Copepodid	Copepodid (copepodite)	Free swimming larval stage, typically with five sub-stages, characterized by excretion through maxillary glands, and progressive increase in number of body segments and posterior appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 11:41:29
Coronate	Coronate	Free-swimming, lecithotrophic larva of Bryozoa	Larva	30 June 2015 11:35:59
Cydippid	Cydippid	Free-swimming spherical larva, composed of a simple gastrovascular system and short comb-rows; resembles typical adult ctenophore (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	10 July 2015 11:42:14
Cyphonautes	Cyphonautes	Free-swimming bryozoan larva, the body is triangular, compressed and enclosed in a bivalve shell (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	15 December 2015 13:29:22
Cypris	Cyprid (cypris)	Final lecithotrophic larval stage, characterized by bivalved carapace, compound eyes, prehensile antennules and thoraic appendages (cirri) (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 11:07:16
Diameter	Diameter	The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere. Note: For diameter you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.	TaxonSpecificBodySize	7 June 2016 11:47:57
DiapauseStage	Dormancy/Diapause Stage	Description of dormant stage	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:44:46
Diplontic	Diplontic	A life cycle characterized by a diploid adult stage producing haploid gametes by meiosis, the zygote forming by fusion of a pair of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998).	LifeCycle	2 June 2015 14:54:40
DirectDevelopment	Direct development	Development without a larval stage	LarvalJuvenileDevelopment	3 June 2015 11:19:31
DispersalPotential	Larval or juvenile dispersal potential	Potential for dispersal provided by one or more larval/juvenile stages, recorded in m, km.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:53:38
Doliolaria	Doliolaria	Second free-swimming larvae (after the auricularia) in the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a series of flagellated rings around a barrel-shaped body (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 11:42:29
Echinopluteus	Echinopluteus	Free-swimming larva of Echinoidea, distinguished by six pairs of arms, supported by skeletal rods (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 11:47:03
EggClutchLocation	Egg, egg mass or clutch location	Description of where fertilized eggs are placed or held	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:06:21
EggPropaguleSize	Egg or propagule size	Size (diameter) of macrogamete (egg or ovum) in µm, mm, cm.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:40:44
EggSac	Egg sac	for example the egg sacs of copepods - carried by adult	EggClutchLocation	3 June 2015 11:12:37
Eggs	Eggs		DiapauseStage	6 May 2015 10:33:17
Ephyra	Ephyra	Young, free-swimming medusa stage typically developing from attached scyphistoma or occasionally direct from a planula. Umbrella typically composed of eight, bifurcated arms (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 12:04:07
External	External	Egg/sperm meet and fertilize externally to parental individuals, tissues or confines of their bodies, but within the fluid medium	Fertilization	3 June 2015 10:27:27
Fecundity	Fecundity	Number of eggs reported produced per female per reproductive cycle.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:05:02
Fertilization	Fertilization	Description of the location of fertilization, whereby in animals/macroalgae a gametes are fertilized or in plants pollination occurs.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 10:29:14
Fission	Fission	A form of asexual multiplication involving division of the body into two or more parts each or all of which can grow into new individuals (Barnes et al., 1993).	Vegetative	3 June 2015 11:14:34
ForkLength	Fork length (FL)	1) Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics. (FishBase) 2) Fork length (FL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends. (Wikipedia) 3) Fork length (FL) can be specified as: Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	7 June 2016 11:37:23
FreeWaterColumn	Free or water column	Eggs spawned into water column	EggClutchLocation	3 June 2015 11:13:19
GameteType	Gamete type	Descriptors of the relative size of gametes	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 09:42:52
GenerationTime	Generation time	The mean period of time between reproduction by parent generation and the reproduction of the first filial generation (Lincoln et al., 1998); recorded in years.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:44:11
Glochidium	Glochidium	Specialist larval form in some freshwater bivalves, characterized by a bivalve shell, with or with a pair of hooks, and a long adhesive thread or tentacle. It lives as a temporary parasite on the gills or fins of fish. In some species a modified glochidium is termed a 'lasidium' before attachment and a 'haustorium' after attachment (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	1 July 2015 09:19:49
GoettesLarva	Goette's larva	Free-swimming four armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	15 December 2015 13:31:12
Gonochoristic	Gonochorisitc (dioecious)	Having separate sexes/genders (Barnes et al., 1993).	SexualReproduction	3 June 2015 08:57:34
HaploidDiploid	Haploid-diploid (haplodiplontic)	Both haploid and diploid forms, with gametophytes giving rise to haploid gametes, and sporophytes giving rise to haploid spores by meiosis	LifeCycle	2 June 2015 15:00:13
Haplontic	Haplontic	A life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase but in which only the zygote is diploid (Lincoln et al., 1998).	LifeCycle	2 June 2015 14:56:54
HardSubstrata	Rock (hard substrata)	Attached or stuck to hard substrata, e.g. dog whelk capsules	CementedAttached	3 June 2015 11:10:37
Heteromorphic	Heteromorphic	The haploid and diploid phases are different in size and body shape; the gametophyte is often diminutive (small to microscopic).	HaploidDiploid	6 March 2020 10:56:26
Instar	Instar	Any intermoult stage in the development of an arthropod (Lincoln et al., 1998)	Lifestage	30 June 2015 10:42:41
Internal	Internal	Fertilization (gametes meet) within the body (or body cavity or accessory organ) of the individual	Fertilization	6 May 2015 08:40:35
Isogamous	Isogamous	Gametes similar in size, shape and behaviour, not differentiated into male or female (Lincoln et al., 1998)	GameteType	3 June 2015 09:45:13
Isomorphic	Isomorphic	Haploid and diploid phases morphologically identical	HaploidDiploid	6 March 2020 10:56:37
Iteroparous	Iteroparous (polytely)	1) Breeding several times per lifetime. 2) Organisms that have repeated reproductive cycles (Lincoln et al., 1998).	ReproductiveFrequency	3 June 2015 10:42:39
Juvenile	Juvenile	Early adult life stage of an organism that shares the morphology and ecology of the adult but is not capable of reproduction.	Lifestage	1 July 2015 13:20:13
Juveniles	Juveniles		DiapauseStage	6 May 2015 10:33:28
Larva	Larva	An independent, motile, developmental stage of an organism, that differs in morphology and ecology from the juvenile or adult stage, and undergoes a metamorphosis to become the juvenile or adult (adapted from Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Barnes et al., 2006).	Lifestage	1 July 2015 09:54:12
LarvalJuvenileDevelopment	Larval and juvenile development	Description of how the larvae or juveniles develop into adults	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:19:04
LarvalSettlement	Larval settlement period	Description of the period of time over which larval settlement occurs.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 11:56:55
LarvalStageDuration	Duration of larval stage	Duration of the larval stage recorded in days or months.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 12:00:11
LarvalSttlementSubstratum	Larval settlement substratum	A description of the preferred substratum for larval settlement	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 12:01:20
Lecithotrophic	Lecithotrophic	Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female (Barnes et al., 1993).	LarvalJuvenileDevelopment	3 June 2015 11:33:33
LifeCycle	Life cycle	The stages an organism passes through between the production of gametes by one generation and production of gametes by the next generation (Lincoln et al., 1998)	Lifehistory	2 June 2015 14:52:34
LifeSpan	Life span	life span/longevity, recorded in days, months, years.	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 10:58:44
Lifehistory	Life history	Traits that describe the life history characteristics of an organism	Biological Descriptors	5 February 2020 12:20:06
Lifestage	Life stages	Description of the larval and juvenile stages in the life cycle of an organism	Biological Descriptors	30 June 2015 10:59:16
Macrobiota	Macrobiota [2.0 - 200 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size between 2.0 and 200 mm.	QualitativeBodySize	18 December 2019 13:14:21
Megabiota	Megabiota [> 200 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size larger than 200 mm.	QualitativeBodySize	18 December 2019 13:12:37
Megalopa	Megalopa	Post larval stage of decapod Crustacea (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	8 July 2015 08:29:28
Meiobiota	Meiobiota [0.2 - 2.0 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size between 0.2 and 2.0 mm.	QualitativeBodySize	18 December 2019 13:15:29
Metanauplius	Metanauplius	Second larval stage in decapod Crustacea; resembles the nauplius but with more appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	29 June 2015 16:14:40
Microbiota	Microbiota [<0.2 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size smaller than 0.2 mm.	QualitativeBodySize	18 December 2019 13:16:25
Mitraria	Mitraria	A type of polychaete larva characterized by numerous long flotation bristles (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	30 June 2015 10:54:28
Monoecious	Hermaphrodite (monoecious)	Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	SexualReproduction	3 June 2015 09:14:29
MullersLarva	Muller's larva	The free-swimming eight armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Rupert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	15 December 2015 13:31:55
Multivoltine	Multivoltine	Many generations per year (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency	3 June 2015 10:45:32
Nauplius	Nauplius	Free-swimming larva, with a characteristic triangular shape, rostral horns in some, three pairs of appendages, and sometimes a nauplia eye. The number of nauplius stages varies between groups (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	23 June 2015 16:22:31
Nectochaeta	Nectochaeta	A polychaete larval stage where the first set of chaetal bundles and parapodia develop, although the ciliary girdle remains for swimming (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	30 June 2015 09:52:09
NoDiapause	None		DiapauseStage	6 May 2015 10:33:41
NoOviparousCare	No care	Eggs are laid and abandoned by adult	Oviparous	3 June 2015 11:20:54
NoViviparousCare	No care	Offspring are abandoned by the adult	Viviparous	3 June 2015 11:30:41
NonSelfing	Non-selfing	Incapable of self-fertilization, due to physical or temporal separation of gametes, and/or self-incompatability genes	PermanentHermaphrodite	3 June 2015 09:20:42
Oogamous	Oogamous	Having large, non-motile eggs and small motile sperm (Lincoln et al., 1998).	GameteType	3 June 2015 09:45:55
Ophiopluteus	Ophiopluteus	Free-swimming larvae of Ophiuroidea, distinguished by four pairs of arms supported by skeletal rods (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	30 June 2015 09:53:57
Oviparous	Oviparous	Egg laying; producing eggs that are laid and hatch externally (Lincoln et al., 1998).	DirectDevelopment	3 June 2015 11:20:11
OviparousCare	Parental Care	Parents, guard or protect the eggs/clutch e.g. birds, some reptiles	Oviparous	3 June 2015 11:21:28
Ovoviviparous	Ovoviviparous	Fully formed eggs are retained and hatched inside the maternal body and are released as live offspring (Lincoln et al., 1998). No nutrition is derived from the mother.	DirectDevelopment	3 June 2015 11:27:34
Parenchymella	Parenchymella	A poriferan larva composed of a ciliated ball of cells (blastula), with a brief swimming phase (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	18 December 2015 11:24:03
Pediveliger	Pediveliger	A late veliger that is able to use its foot to crawl and provide temporary attachment	Larva	30 June 2015 11:29:55
Pelagosphaera	Pelagosphaera	The secondary free-swimming larva in Sipunculida, that develops from a non-feeding trochophore (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva	18 December 2015 11:21:23
PermanentHermaphrodite	Permanent (synchronous) hermaphrodite	Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes et al., 1993).	Monoecious	3 June 2015 09:19:34
Physiology	Physiology		Biological Descriptors	1 April 2015 09:25:05
Pilidium	Pilidium	Free-swimming, helmet-shaped, larva of nemerteans (ribbon worms) with an apical tuft, apical sensory organs, oral lobes and oral ciliated band (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996).	Larva	30 June 2015 08:45:56
Planktotrophic	Planktotrophic	Feeding at least in part on materials captured from the plankton (Barnes et al., 1993).	LarvalJuvenileDevelopment	3 June 2015 11:32:54
Planula	Planula	A ciliated, free swimming larva; lacks a mouth but in older stages may include a gastrovascular cavity (Stachowitsch, 1992)	Larva	12 June 2015 16:28:44
Pollination	Pollination (plants)	Transfer of male gametophyte (pollen) to the 'female' part of a flower	Internal	3 June 2015 10:30:26
Protandrous	Protandrous	A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979).	SequentialHermaphrodite	3 June 2015 09:36:18
Protogynous	Protogynous	A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes 1979).	SequentialHermaphrodite	3 June 2015 09:36:52
Protonymphon	Protonymphon	Larval pycnogonid that bears three pairs of appendages, the chelicerae, palps and ovigerous legs (Ruppert & Barnes, 1996).	Larva	30 June 2015 08:47:31
Protozoea	Protozoea	Third larval stage in Decapoda, characterized by antennal locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992)	Larva	30 June 2015 09:56:13
PseudoArrhenotoky	Pseudo-arrhenotoky	Males develop from diploid fertilized eggs but subsequently eliminate or silence the paternal genome	Gonochoristic	3 June 2015 09:04:17
QualitativeBodySize	Qualitative body size	Body size measured in terms of mega, macro, meio/meso and micro.	BodySize	18 December 2019 13:18:22
QuantitativeBodySize	Quantitative body size	Body size measured in numerical values.	BodySize	18 December 2019 13:07:31
Rataria	Rataria	A later larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with a disc-shaped float, and an elongated body surrounded by the rim of the growing disc (Stachowitsch, 1992)	Larva	8 July 2015 08:27:47
ReproductiveFrequency	Reproductive Frequency		Lifehistory	6 May 2015 08:22:37
ReproductiveSeason	Reproductive season	A description of the season(s) or months of the year during which reproduction occurs	Lifehistory	3 June 2015 10:54:48
ReproductiveType	Reproductive type	Traits that describe how an organism reproduces or the mechanism by which reproduction is achieved.	Lifehistory	27 July 2015 13:57:28
SedimentSurface	Sediment surface		EggClutchLocation	14 July 2015 20:00:23
Seeds	Seeds (plants)		DiapauseStage	3 June 2015 11:45:28
SelfFertilizing	Self-fertilizing	Capable of self-fertilization	PermanentHermaphrodite	3 June 2015 09:21:24
Semelparous	Semelparous (monotely)	Breeding once per lifetime, or breeding only once then dying (Barnes et al., 2006). Organisms that only have one brood during their lifetime (Lincoln et al., 1998).	ReproductiveFrequency	3 June 2015 10:47:26
Semivoltine	Semivoltine	One generation every two years (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency	3 June 2015 10:48:43
SequentialHermaphrodite	Sequential hermaphrodite	Hermaphrodite in which the male and female organs mature (that is produce gametes) at different times in the reproductive cycle (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998)	Monoecious	3 June 2015 09:35:14
SexualReproduction	Sexual reproduction	1) Reproduction involving the regular alternation of gamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln et al.,1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived from more than one parent is possible (Barnes et al. 2006), true amphimixis involves random segregation of genes and random association of parental contribution (gametes).	ReproductiveType	3 June 2015 09:06:08
SpecialisedStage	Specialised stage	A specialised dormancy or diapause stage in the life cycle of the organism	DiapauseStage	3 June 2015 11:46:38
Spermcast	Spermcast	Male gametes are spawned and fertilize eggs within or attached to parent	Internal	3 June 2015 10:31:31
Sporogenesis	Sporogenesis	Reproduction via spores	ReproductiveType	3 June 2015 09:40:23
StandardLength	Standard length (SL)	1) The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale, because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase) 2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal fin. (Wikipedia) Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes. (Wikipedia) 3) Standard length (SL) can be specified as: a) Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase); b) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase).	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	19 December 2016 14:22:17
TaxonSpecificBodySize	Taxon specific body size	The measure of body size specific to a taxonomic group.	QuantitativeBodySize	18 December 2019 13:21:30
TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	Taxon specific body size: Fish	Fish measurement is the measuring of the length of individual fish and of various parts of their anatomy. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. (Wikipedia)	TaxonSpecificBodySize	7 June 2016 11:30:00
TaxonSpecificBodySizeMacroAlgae	Taxon specific body size: Macroalgae		TaxonSpecificBodySize	5 December 2019 14:10:19
TotalLength	Total length (TL)	1) The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL. (FishBase) 2) Total length (TL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body. (Wikipedia) Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations. (Wikipedia) 3) Total length (TL) can be specified as: Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	7 June 2016 11:35:59
Univoltine	Univoltine	One generation per year / annuals (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency	3 June 2015 10:48:11
Vegetation	Vegetation	Attached or stuck to vegetation, e.g. opistobranchs, mermaid purses, cephalopod eggs etc.	CementedAttached	3 June 2015 11:11:16
Vegetative	Vegetative reproduction	Asexual reproduction via somatic growth processes, fragmentation, fission, or budding (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998)	AsexualReproduction	3 June 2015 11:21:13
Veliger	Veliger	A free-swimming molluscan larva, characterized by lobed extensions of the peroral trochus (velum), larval shell and rudimentary foot (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	30 June 2015 11:26:16
Viviparous	Viviparous	1) Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent (Lincoln et al., 1998). 2) Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes et al., 2006).	DirectDevelopment	3 June 2015 11:30:00
ViviparousCare	Parental care	Offspring are nurtured and protected by the adult	Viviparous	3 June 2015 11:31:29
Width	Width	A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body (OED) Note: For width you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.	TaxonSpecificBodySize	7 June 2016 11:47:52
WidthOfDisc	Width of disc (WD)	The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes. (FishBase)	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	7 June 2016 11:41:06
Wingspan	Wingspan	In birds (Aves) - "the distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched" (Wikipedia) or "wingtip to wingtip in flight" (BTO). In winged insects (Insecta) - "may refer to the distance between the centre of the thorax to the apex of the wing doubled or to the width between the apices with the wings set with the trailing wing edge perpendicular to the body" (Wikipedia) Note: For wingspan you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.	TaxonSpecificBodySize	7 June 2016 11:47:48
Zoea	Zoea	Fourth free-swimming larval stage of Decapoda, with thoracic appendages for locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva	7 December 2015 15:25:53

Distribution_Descriptors

Distribution Descriptors 

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of	Modification date"Modification date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the last modification of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Abyssobenthic	Abyssobenthic (Abyssal)	Occupying the ocean floor from ca 4000 - 6000 m depth. Usually a more or less flat plain (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic	28 May 2015 14:13:11
Abyssopelagic	Abyssopelagic (2500-6000 m)	Overlays the plains of the major ocean basins with a lower boundary of ca 6000 m.	Pelagic	29 May 2015 15:24:39
AlphaHaline	Alpha-haline	36-40 psu	MarineSalinity	1 June 2015 11:16:34
AlphaMesohaline	Alpha-Mesohaline	10-<18 psu	Mesohaline	1 June 2015 11:06:44
AlphaOligohaline	Alpha-Oligohaline	3-<5 psu	Oligohaline	1 June 2015 11:10:09
AlphaPolyhaline	Alpha-Polyhaline	25-<30 psu	Polyhaline	1 June 2015 11:13:00
AnchialineCaves	Anchialine caves	Coastal salt water habitats with no surface connection to the sea.	VerticalBiologicalZone	8 July 2015 09:13:39
Artificial	Artificial (man-made)	E.g. wood, metal or concrete structures.	HardImmobile	6 May 2015 14:27:41
Bathybenthic	Bathybenthic (Bathyal)	Occupying the ocean floor from ca 200 - 4000 m depth (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic	28 May 2015 14:13:46
Bathylpelagic	Bathylpelagic (1000-2500 m)	Extends from ca 1000-2500 m.	Pelagic	29 May 2015 15:28:15
Bedrock	Bedrock	Any stable hard substratum, not separated into boulders or smaller sediment units. Includes soft rock-types such as chalk, peat and clay. (Hiscock et al., 1999; MarLIN)	HardImmobile	1 June 2015 14:23:02
Benthic	Benthic	Pertaining to the sea bed, river bed or lake floor (Lincoln et al., 1998).	VerticalBiologicalZone	8 July 2015 09:13:52
Benthopelagic	Benthopelagic	A zone of open water extending ca 100 m above the surface of the sea bed at all depths below the edge of the continental shelf.	Pelagic	6 May 2015 14:29:07
BetaHaline	Beta-Haline	30-36 psu	MarineSalinity	1 June 2015 11:17:21
BetaMesohaline	Beta-Mesohaline	5-<10 psu	Mesohaline	1 June 2015 11:08:05
BetaOligohaline	Beta-Oligohaline	0.5-<3 psu	Oligohaline	1 June 2015 11:10:41
BetaPolyhaline	Beta-Polyhaline	18-<25 psu	Polyhaline	1 June 2015 11:13:49
BiogenicReef	Biogenic reef	An elevated structure on the seabed built by calcareous or other concretion-forming organisms, or by chemical precipitation (Hiscock, 1996); for example by Modiolus modiolus or Sabellaria alveolata	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:08:16
Brackish	Brackish		Environment	6 May 2015 14:31:02
BrackishSalinity	Brackish	0.5-<30 psu	Salinity	1 June 2015 11:08:38
BurrowDweller	Burrow dweller	Occupies or shares space in burrow constructed by other organisms.	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:11:34
Cave	Cave	A hollow normally eroded in a cliff (or vertical rock) with the penetration being greater than the width of the entrance (Hiscock, 1996).	FeaturesOther	17 July 2015 13:46:45
Circalittoral	Circalittoral	The subzone of the rocky sublittoral below that dominated by algae (the infralittoral), and dominated by animals. No lower limit is defined, but species composition changes below about 40m to 80m depth, depending on depth of the seasonal thermocline. This subzone can be subdivided into the upper circalittoral where foliose algae are present and the lower circalittoral where they are not (see Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to two étages of the sediment benthos below the infralittoral: a "coastal circalittoral category with a eurythermal environment of weak seasonal amplitude (less than 10°C) varying slowly" and a "circalittoral category of the open sea with a stenothermal environment" (Hiscock, 1996).	Sublittoral	6 May 2015 14:31:55
CircalittoralOffshore	Circalittoral offshore	Typically occurs below 50-70 metres away from the influence of wave action. Aphotic with animal communities in stable or stenothermal and stenohaline conditions. Open sea (Connor et al., 1997).	Sublittoral	28 May 2015 15:28:34
Clay	Clay	1) Sediment particles less than 0.004 mm in size (Wentworth, 1922). 2) A soft very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles (Hiscock, 1996).	SedimentSoft	1 June 2015 14:53:05
CoarseCleanSand	Coarse clean sand	1) Particle size 0.5 - 4 mm (Hiscock, 1996)	Sand	2 June 2015 10:59:36
CoarseSediments	Coarse sediments	Sediments composed of gravel and sand; inc. gravel, gravelly sand and sandy gravel (Long, 2006)	SedimentSoft	1 June 2015 15:53:20
Cobbles	Cobbles	64-256 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata that are predominantly cobbles.	HardMobile	1 June 2015 16:39:14
CrevicesFissures	Crevices and fissures	A narrow crack in hard substratum where penetration is deeper than the width at the entrance; a crevice is <10 mm wide at the entrance, while a fissure is >10 mm (Hiscock ,1996)	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:42:48
Demersal	Demersal	Living at or near the bottom of a sea or lake but having the capacity for active swimming (from Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:38:43
Depth	Depth	Maximum recorded depth below chart datum (expressed in metres).	Distribution Descriptors	28 May 2015 14:09:35
DepthRange	Depth range	Maximum to minimum recorded depth (expressed as metres below chart datum).	Depth	30 June 2015 13:53:45
DepthSubstratum	Depth in substratum	The depth within the substratum at which the organism is found (max recorded in metres).	Depth	30 June 2015 13:56:29
Distribution Descriptors	Distribution Descriptors	Fields and traits that describe the distribution of the species.	Marine species traits	27 July 2015 14:06:39
Elevation	Elevation	A measure of height above chart datum, recorded in metres	Distribution Descriptors	30 June 2015 14:00:33
EnclosedCoast	Enclosed coast or embayment	A marine inlet or harbour fully enclosed from the open sea except at the entrance, not normally open to the sea at two ends. The connection with the open sea is normally less restricted than is the case with lagoons (Hiscock, 1996).	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:30:06
Endophytic	Endophytic	A plant living within another plant (Lincoln et al., 1998)	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:31:46
Endozoic	Endozoic	Living within the body of an animal (Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:32:09
Environment	Environment	Broad descriptors of the major environmental regions	Distribution Descriptors	28 May 2015 16:00:42
EnvironmentalPosition	Environmental position	Position relative to substratum or fluid medium (air/water).	Habitat	30 June 2015 14:14:51
Epibenthic	Epibenthic	Living on the surface of the seabed.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:27:21
Epifaunal	Epifaunal	An animal living on the surface of the substratum.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:28:39
Epifloral	Epifloral	A plant living on the surface of the substratum.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:29:06
Epilithic	Epilithic	Living on the surface of rock or other hard inorganic substrata	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:26:32
Epipelagic	Epipelagic (0-200 m)	The photic zone, includes the open ocean influenced by light.  The lower boundary is dependent on the depth of light penetration and is generally regarded extend to ca 200 m in depth.	Pelagic	29 May 2015 15:26:09
Epipelic	Epipelic	An organism that moves over the surface of sediment or lives at the sediment / water interface.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:29:54
Epiphytic	Epiphytic	Living on the surface of a living plant but not parasitic upon it.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:30:18
Epizooic	Epizooic	Living on the exterior of a living animal but not parasitic upon it.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:30:57
Estuary	Estuary	Downstream part of a river where it widens to enter the sea; often with significant freshwater influence and predominantly comprising sediment habitats.	Physiography	6 May 2015 14:40:39
Eulittoral	Littoral	1) The region between the highest and lowest extent of the tide on the shore. 2) The shore zone between the lowest and highest seasonal water level in a lake (Lincoln et al., 1998)	Benthic	15 July 2015 15:41:24
Exposed	Exposed	1) Coasts which face the prevailing wind but which have a degree of shelter because of extensive shallow areas offshore, offshore obstructions, or a restricted (less than 90°) window to open water. These sites are not generally exposed to large waves or regular swell. 2) Open coasts facing away from prevailing winds but with a long fetch, and where strong winds are frequent.	WaveExposed	6 May 2015 14:40:58
ExtremelyExposed	Extremely exposed	Open coastlines which face into the prevailing wind and receive both wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions such as islands or shallows for several thousand kilometres and where deep water is close to the shore (50 m depth contour within about 300 m).	WaveExposed	1 June 2015 11:40:14
ExtremelySheltered	Extremely sheltered	Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch of no more than about 3 km.	WaveSheltered	1 June 2015 11:44:54
FeaturesOther	Features or other substratum	Descriptors of types of unusual or unique types of substratum or habitat	SubstratumHabitat	2 June 2015 13:12:53
FineCleanSand	Fine clean sand	Particle size 0.063 - 0.5 mm (Hiscock, 1996)	Sand	2 June 2015 11:01:57
Freshwater	Freshwater		Environment	6 May 2015 14:41:42
FreshwaterSalinity	Freshwater	<0.5 psu	Salinity	1 June 2015 11:14:32
GravelShingle	Gravel or shingle	1) Particle size 4 -16 mm. 2) Clean stone or shell gravel including dead maerl (Hiscock, 1996) 3) >80% gravel (Long, 2006).	CoarseSediments	2 June 2015 10:39:01
GravellyMud	Gravelly mud	Mud with 5-30% gravel (see Long, 2006)	Mixed	2 June 2015 11:48:57
GravellyMuddySand	Gravelly muddy sand	Sand (50-90%) with gravel (>5%) and mud (see Long, 2006)	Mixed	2 June 2015 12:09:07
GravellySand	Gravelly sand	Sand with 5-30% gravel (see Long 2006)	CoarseSediments	2 June 2015 09:51:03
Habitat	Habitat	Traits that describe an organisms preferred habitat and its position within that habitat.	Distribution Descriptors	6 May 2015 15:08:12
HabitatPreferences	Habitat Preferences		Distribution Descriptors	6 May 2015 15:08:20
Hadobenthic	Hadobenthic (Hadal)	Occupying the ocean floor at depths exceeding ca 6000 m. Usually in trenches and canyons of the abyssal zone. (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic	28 May 2015 15:21:58
Hadopelagic	Hadopelagic (>6000 m)	Open waters of deep oceanic trenches, from ca 6000 m and below.	Pelagic	29 May 2015 15:26:39
Hard	Hard	Hard substratum e.g. bedrock, concrete, boulders,cobbles and pebbles	SubstratumHabitat	25 June 2015 14:26:18
HardImmobile	Immobile hard	Immobile hard substratum e.g. solid rock, concrete but including soft rocks, such as chalk.	Hard	25 June 2015 14:27:13
HardMobile	Mobile hard	Mobile hard substratum, e.g. cobbles, pebbles that are regularly moved by wave action.	Hard	25 June 2015 14:27:50
HyperSaline	Hyper-saline	>40 psu	Salinity	1 June 2015 11:15:15
Hyperbenthic	Hyperbenthic	Living above but close to the substratum (Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:39:22
IceAssociated	Ice-Associated	Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats.	VerticalBiologicalZone	8 July 2015 09:14:04
Infaunal	Infaunal	Benthic animals which live within the seabed.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:32:52
Infralittoral	Infralittoral	A subzone of the sublittoral in which upward-facing rocks are dominated by erect algae, typically kelps; it can be further subdivided into the upper and lower infralittoral (based on Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to areas (étages) with a eurythermal environment of great seasonal and also daily and tidal amplitude. 1) lower The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoralwhere grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae. 2) upper The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hardsubstrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Sublittoral	6 May 2015 14:46:11
Interstitial	Interstitial	Living within the system of cavities and channels formed by the spaces between grains in a sediment (interstitial space).	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:36:19
Lagoon	Isolated saline water (lagoon)	Enclosed bodies of water, separated or partially separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes.	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:36:16
LargeBoulders	Large or very large boulders	>512 mm; likely to be stable (Hiscock, 1996).	HardImmobile	1 June 2015 14:24:49
Lithotomous	Lithotomous	Stone-boring; an organism that burrows into rock.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:33:50
LowerCircalittoral	Lower circalittoral	Dominated by animals with no foliose algae but encrusting Rhodophycota patchy in grazed areas. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata below the maximum depth limit of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Circalittoral	28 May 2015 15:26:38
LowerInfralittoral	Lower infralittoral	The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoral where grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Infralittoral	28 May 2015 15:23:32
LowerLittoral	Lower littoral	The lower part of the shore only exposed (emersed) at the lowest part of the tide.	Eulittoral	15 July 2015 15:41:41
LowerLittoralFringe	Lower littoral fringe	The bottom of the littoral fringe. In the UK, characterized by he Pelvetia/Porphyra belt with patchy Verrucaria maura and Fucus spiralis (on sheltered shores). Verrucaria mucosa present above the main barnacle population. May also include salt marsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral	28 May 2015 15:14:31
Macroalgae	Macroalgae	Macroalgal surfaces, such as kelps and fucoids.	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:43:26
Maerl	Maerl	Maerl beds formed by build up of maerl.	FeaturesOther	6 May 2015 14:48:58
Marine	Marine		Environment	6 May 2015 14:49:04
MarineSalinity	Marine	30-40 psu (equals MNCR Full)	Salinity	1 June 2015 11:16:09
MediumCleanSand	Medium clean sand	Particle size 0.25-1mm (Hiscock, 1996)	Sand	2 June 2015 11:00:41
Mesohaline	Mesohaline	5-<18 psu (equals MNCR Low, <18 psu)	BrackishSalinity	1 June 2015 11:07:37
Mesopelagic	Mesopelagic (200-1000 m)	The upper aphotic zone and extends to a depth of ca 1000 m.	Pelagic	29 May 2015 15:27:34
MidEulittoral	Mid littoral	Barnacle - limpet dominated, sometimes mussels, with Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral	15 July 2015 15:42:03
Mixed	Mixed	Mixtures of a variety of sediment types, composed of pebble / gravel / sand / mud. This category includes muddy gravels, muddy sandy gravels, gravelly muds, and muddy gravelly sands.	SedimentSoft	2 June 2015 12:04:15
ModeratelyExposed	Moderately exposed	Generally coasts facing away from prevailing winds and without a long fetch but where strong winds can be frequent.	WaveExposed	1 June 2015 11:41:17
ModeratelyStrong	Moderately strong	1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.)	TidalStrength	1 June 2015 13:29:30
Mud	Mud	1) Particle size <0.063 mm (silt / clay fraction) (Hiscock, 1996) 2) >90% mud (Long, 2006)	MudSandyMud	5 June 2015 16:11:24
MudSandyMud	Mud and sandy mud	Mud and sandy muds where mud is the major fraction (see Long, 2006)	SedimentSoft	2 June 2015 13:54:40
MuddyGravel	Muddy gravel	Gravel (30-80%) with mud (see Long, 2006)	Mixed	2 June 2015 11:53:09
MuddySand	Muddy sand	Sand (50-90%) with mud (see Long, 2006)	MudSandyMud	2 June 2015 13:53:27
MuddySandyGravel	Muddy sandy gravel	Gravel (30-80%) with mud and sand (see Long, 2006)	Mixed	2 June 2015 11:54:35
Nekton	Nektonic (nekton)	Active swimming organisms that live in the water column and are able to move independently of the water mass (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:55:33
Neritic	Neritic	Water column overlying the continental shelf; surface to ca 200m depth.	Province	6 May 2015 14:52:11
Neustonic	Neustonic	Living on or under the surface film of open water.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:37:17
Oceanic	Oceanic	Open waters beyond the continental shelf.	Province	6 May 2015 14:52:26
OffshoreSeabed	Offshore seabed	Seabed beyond three miles (5 km) from the shore.	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:36:51
Oligohaline	Oligohaline	0.5-<5 psu (included under MNCR Low, <18 psu)	BrackishSalinity	1 June 2015 11:09:29
OpenCoast	Open coast	Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; linear coast, islands / rocks and semi-enclosed coast.	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:39:18
OtherSpecies	Other species	The surface of other species, e.g. shells or carapace.	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:44:34
Overhangs	Overhang	An overhanging part of a rock formation. Typically the surface of the rock below the overhang receives some cover or shade from the overhang.	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:47:50
Pebbles	Pebbles	16-64 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata which are predominantly pebbles.	HardMobile	2 June 2015 09:01:59
Pelagic	Pelagic	Pertaining to the water column. Inhabiting the open sea, excluding the sea floor (rephrased from Lincoln et al., 1998).	VerticalBiologicalZone	8 July 2015 09:01:39
Physiography	Physiography	Coastal geomorphology and physical features.	Habitat	1 June 2015 12:07:34
Plankton	Planktonic (plankton)	Living in the fluid medium (water or air) but unable to maintain their position or distribution independently of the movement of the water/air mass (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:48:12
Pleustonic	Pleustonic	Living permanently at the water surface due to their own buoyancy, normally positioned partly in the water and partly in the air.	EnvironmentalPosition	30 June 2015 14:37:51
Polyhaline	Polyhaline	18-<30 psu (included under MNCR Reduced, 18-30 psu)	BrackishSalinity	1 June 2015 11:12:25
Province	Province	Descriptors of the major 'regions' of the seas.	Distribution Descriptors	28 May 2015 15:40:10
RiaVoe	Ria or voe	Drowned river valleys of south-west Britain (ria) and Shetland (voe). Often with a greater presence of rock and more marine in character than estuaries.	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:37:30
Rockpools	Rockpool	1) A pool of water among rocks left behind by the ebbing tide. 2) a depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore where, at low tide, seawater is left behind (Hiscock, 1996).	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:53:46
Salinity	Salinity (regime)	The range of salinities in which the organism is recorded (scale taken from Reusser & Lee, 2011)	Habitat	1 June 2015 12:09:24
Saltmarsh	Salt marsh	A flat, poorly drained coastal swamp inundated by most high tides (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 13:57:44
Sand	Sand	1) Particle size 0.063 -4 mm (Hiscock 1996) 2) >90% sand (Long, 2006)	SandMuddySand	2 June 2015 10:58:06
SandMuddySand	Sand and muddy sand	Sands and sands with mud where sand is the major fraction (see Long 2006)	SedimentSoft	2 June 2015 10:55:14
SandyGravel	Sandy gravel	30 -80% gravel with sand (see Long, 2006).	CoarseSediments	2 June 2015 10:47:56
SandyMud	Sandy mud	Mud (50-90%) with sand	MudSandyMud	2 June 2015 13:53:43
SeaIce	Sea ice	The habitat provided by the surface of frozen sea water floating on the surface. Sea ice may form thin sheets, fast moving pieces, pack ice or large icebergs.	IceAssociated	28 May 2015 15:47:22
SeaLoch	Sea loch (Scotland), sea lough (Ireland)	Glacially formed inlets (fjords, fjards) of western Scotland and Ireland; typically elongate and deepened by glacial action with little freshwater influence. Often with narrows and sills dividing the loch into a series of basins.	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:38:32
Seagrass	Seagrass	Habitat associated with seagrass bed communities.	FeaturesOther	6 May 2015 14:57:38
SedimentSoft	Soft (sediment)	Particulate solid matter accumulated by natural processes (Hiscock, 1996)	SubstratumHabitat	25 June 2015 13:29:43
Sheltered	Sheltered	Coasts with a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (< 20 km) or extensive shallow area offshore, or may face away from prevailing winds.	WaveSheltered	6 May 2015 14:57:53
SmallBoulders	Small boulders	256 -512 mm; may be unstable.	HardImmobile	1 June 2015 16:40:14
SplashZone	Splash zone	Region of the shore immediately above the highest levels of the water that is subject to wetting by splash from breaking waves (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Supralittoral	15 July 2015 15:45:01
SprayZone	Spray Zone	Region of the shore immediately above the splash zone that is subject to wetting by the spray from breaking waves (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Supralittoral	28 May 2015 14:17:49
StraitSound	Strait or sound	Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets).	Physiography	29 May 2015 16:39:52
Strandline	Strand-line	A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 14:00:17
Strong	Strong	3 to 6 knots (1.5-3 m/sec.)	TidalStrength	1 June 2015 13:29:53
Sublittoral	Sublittoral	1) The zone exposed to air only at its upper limit by the lowest spring tides, although almost continuous wave action on extremely exposed coasts may extend the upper limit high into the intertidal region. The sublittoral extends from the upper limit of the large kelps and includes, for practical purposes in nearshore areas, all depths below the littoral. Various sub-zones are recognized (based on Hiscock, 1985). 2) The marine zone extending from the lowest limit of the intertidal to the outer edge of the continental slope (rephrased from Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic	28 May 2015 15:22:57
SublittoralFringe	Sublittoral fringe	The upper part of the sublittoral zone which is uncovered by the tide. On hard substrata, the zone is characterized by the kelps Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta. The lower limit of this zone is marked by the upper limit of the truly sublittoral kelp Laminaria hyperborea (based on Lewis, 1964; Hiscock, 1996).	Benthic	28 May 2015 14:16:11
SubstratumHabitat	Substratum	Description of the substratum on or in which an organism is found or recorded.	Habitat	2 June 2015 09:09:38
Supralittoral	Supralittoral	1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteristically dominated by orange and white-to-grey lichens on hard substrata with scattered salt-tolerant higher plants and mosses (Hiscock, 1996). 2) The region of the shore directly above the highest water level and subject to wetting by spray or wave splash (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic	28 May 2015 14:17:00
Terrestrial	Terrestrial		Environment	6 May 2015 15:01:37
TidalStrength	Tidal streams and water flow (range)	The horizontal movement of water associated with the meteorological, oceanographical and topographical factors. High water flow rates result in areas where water is forced through or over restrictions for example narrows or around protruding offshore rocks. Tidal streams are associated with the rise and fall of the tide where as currents are defined as residual flow after the tidal element is removed (Hiscock, 1996).	Habitat	1 June 2015 13:28:58
Tolerance	Tolerance	Based on AMBI	Habitat	2 June 2015 14:12:30
TypeI	Type I	Species very sensitive to organic enrichment and present under unpolluted conditions (initial state). They include the specialist carnivores and some deposit-feeding tubicolous polychaetes.	Tolerance	6 May 2015 15:01:58
TypeII	Type II	Species indifferent to enrichment, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (from initial state, to slight unbalance). These include suspension feeders, less selective carnivores and scavengers.	Tolerance	6 May 2015 15:02:06
TypeIII	Type III	Species tolerant to excess organic matter enrichment. These species may occur under normal conditions, but their populations are stimulated by organic richment (slight unbalance situations). They are surface deposit-feeding species, as tubicolous spionids.	Tolerance	6 May 2015 15:02:18
TypeIV	Type IV	Second-order opportunistic species (slight to pronounced unbalanced situations). Mainly small sized polychaetes: subsurface deposit-feeders, such as cirratulids.	Tolerance	6 May 2015 15:02:26
TypeV	Type V	First-order opportunistic species (pronounced unbalanced situations). These are deposit- feeders, which proliferate in reduced sediments.	Tolerance	6 May 2015 15:03:19
UltraSheltered	Ultra sheltered	Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch measured in tens or at most a few hundred metres.	WaveSheltered	1 June 2015 11:45:38
UnderBoulders	Under boulders	Habitat associated with the underside of boulders.	FeaturesOther	2 June 2015 14:01:12
UnderIce	Under ice	The habitat formed by the underside of ice sheets at the interface of frozen ice and fluid seawater.	IceAssociated	28 May 2015 15:46:03
UpperCircalittoral	Upper circalittoral	Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Circalittoral	28 May 2015 15:27:07
UpperEulittoral	Upper littoral	Barnacles and limpets present in quantity with Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum although often this belt has only sparse algal cover compared with the lower eulittoral (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral	15 July 2015 15:42:27
UpperInfralittoral	Upper infralittoral	The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Infralittoral	28 May 2015 15:25:11
UpperLittoralFringe	Upper littoral fringe	Top of the littoral fringe, characterized by Verrucaria maura with Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neritoides often present. May include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral	28 May 2015 15:19:40
VerticalBiologicalZone	Vertical biological zone (or zonation)	A description of the vertical biological zone or zonation in which an organism resides. The zone is determined by depth, physical, chemical and biological factors.	Distribution Descriptors	8 July 2015 08:49:52
VeryExposed	Very exposed	1) Open coasts which face into prevailing winds and which receive wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions for several hundred kilometres, but where deep water is not close to the shore (50 m depth contour further than about 300 m). 2) Open coasts adjacent to extremely exposed sites but which face away from prevailing winds.	WaveExposed	1 June 2015 11:41:38
VerySheltered	Very sheltered	Coasts with a fetch less than about 3 km where they face prevailing winds or about 20 km where they face away from prevailing winds, or which have offshore obstructions such as reefs or a narrow (<30°) open water window.	WaveSheltered	1 June 2015 11:46:09
VeryStrong	Very strong	>6 knots (>3 m/sec)	TidalStrength	15 July 2015 15:45:57
VeryWeak	Very weak	Negligible	TidalStrength	1 June 2015 13:31:29
WaveExposed	Wave exposed	Defined via traits - but included as some authors do not specify level of wave exposure.	WaveExposure	1 June 2015 11:38:50
WaveExposure	Wave exposure	Traits that describe the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded.	Habitat	1 June 2015 12:08:23
WaveSheltered	Wave sheltered	Defined via traits below - included as some authors do not specify	WaveExposure	1 June 2015 11:44:27
Weak	Weak	<1 knot (<0.5 m/sec)	TidalStrength	1 June 2015 13:32:04

Ecological_Descriptors

Ecological Descriptors 

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of	Modification date"Modification date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the last modification of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
AccessoryFeedingStructures	Accessory feeding structures	Other structures such as palps, tentacles or a radiolar crown ("grooved palps"). There are forms of single pair of grooved palps nearly always attached dorsally or near the junction of the prostomium and peristomium, or multiple grooved palps sometimes forming a crown. Dorso lateral ciliated folds in the roof of the buccal cavity may be present in some polychaetes.	Tentacles	28 May 2015 11:45:52
Accretion	Accretion	An organism that constructs reefs or raised beds of accreted materials, e.g. bound sand in Sabellaria spp.	ReefBuilding	14 May 2015 16:31:09
AerialDipping	Aerial dipping		Dipping	15 July 2015 15:46:43
AerialHawking	Aerial hawking		Hawking	15 July 2015 15:50:21
Aggregations	Aggregations	An organism that constructs reefs and raised beds due to aggregation of large numbers of individuals via permanent or semi-permanent attachment e.g. mussels, oysters and Crepidula beds.	ReefBuilding	14 May 2015 16:32:11
AlgalGravel	Algal gravel	Constructs deep beds of calcareous algal nodules, e.g. maerl beds	BedForming	14 May 2015 16:27:34
Ambusher	Ambusher	Sedentary or sessile predators, that wait for prey to come to them, and may or may not use a final pounce, traps or lures (e.g. sea anemones, large hydroids, spiders)	Predator	28 May 2015 09:54:50
AmorphousCaCO3	Amorphous CaCO3	calcium carbonate that lacks a crystalline structure, or whose internal is so irregular that there is no characteristic external form. The term does not preclude the existence of any degree of order (Derived from Neuendorf et al. 2005)	CalcareousSkeleton	23 February 2017 14:03:46
AnchorShaped	Anchor-shaped	E.g. Ceratium spp.	BodyShape	14 May 2015 10:32:44
AppendagesPaddles	Appendages (paddles)	Swimming is effected one or more pairs of appendages (legs or paddles) e.g. the pleiopods of Isopod, Amphipod or Decapod crustaceans, or the legs of amphibious vertebrates.	Swimmer	29 July 2015 12:09:07
Aragonite	Aragonite	a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e.g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells.	CalcareousSkeleton	23 January 2017 12:27:43
ArborescentArbuscular	Arborescent/Arbuscular	Having the shape or characteristics of a tree.	Erect	7 November 2014 16:52:20
AristolesLantern	Aristotle's lantern	Specialist - sea urchins	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 10:25:26
ArmsAppendages	Arms or appendages	Traits that describe specialized limbs or appendages used to catch or process food items.	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 10:30:14
Articulate	Articulate	Jointed, arthrous (Holmes, 1979).	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:21:49
Autotroph	Autotroph	Self-feeding. An organism capable of synthesizing complex organic substances from simple inorganic substrates (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FoodTypeDiet	29 July 2015 11:29:51
BallooningKiting	Ballooning/Kiting	Use of a length of silk to be carried by the wind (e.g. spiders)	Drifter	29 July 2015 11:46:51
Beak	Beak	e.g. birds / cephalopods	MouthParts	7 November 2014 15:25:54
BedForming	Bed forming	An organism that lives in large aggregations or beds (e.g. brittlestars, mussels, oysters, Crepidula etc, sea squirts)	Biogenic	14 May 2015 16:27:00
Biodiffusor	Biodiffusor	Organisms whose activities that cause constant and random local sediment biomixing over short distances resulting in transport of sediment particles, analogous to molecular or eddy diffusion (from Kristensen et al., 2012). Includes epifaunal biodiffusers e.g. fiddler crabs; surficial biodiffusers e.g. Echinocardium; and gallery biodiffusers e.g. Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor.	SedimentReworking	28 May 2015 08:51:18
Biogenic	Bio-genic	Habitat features created by living things	HabitatModification	29 July 2015 11:56:51
BitingMacerating	Biting or macerating	Mouth parts designed to grasp and macerate food before swallowing (e.g. most vertebrates)	MouthParts	28 May 2015 11:31:36
BitingPiercing	Piercing or suctorial	Mouth parts designed to pierce outside of food or prey and feed on internal fluids or tissues	MouthParts	28 May 2015 11:30:38
Bivalved	Bivalved	Characteristically a shell of two calcareous valves joined by a flexible ligament.	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:22:17
BlindEndedVentilation	Blind-ended ventilation	Organisms that live in 'I' or 'J' shaped burrows open at only one end where water is drawn through or diffuses out of the sediment e.g. Arenicola marina (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking	28 May 2015 09:04:02
BodyAccretion	Accretion	Build up or accumulation of sediment.	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:22:58
BodyAlgalGravel	Algal gravel	Maerl; twig-like unattached (free-living) calcareous red algae, often a mixture of species and including species which form a spiky cover on loose small stones - 'hedgehog stones'.	BodyShape	14 May 2015 10:35:40
BodyForm	Body form	Traits relating to the form, shape and structure of the species	Ecological Descriptors	29 July 2015 11:08:56
BodyShape	Body shape	Overall shape of the individual or colony (modular forms)	BodyForm	29 July 2015 11:09:33
Browser	Browser	Feeding on parts of plants (e.g. shoots, leaves, twigs) or parts of other organisms (e.g. siphon nipping by fish). (Lincoln et al., 1998).	GrazerBrowser	29 July 2015 11:13:59
BuccalOrgansAbsent	Buccal organ absent or occluded	The buccal cavity lacks obvious differentiation of the wall and it is not eversible. Some species if buccal cavity present at all, is only a transient larval structure and becomes completely occluded.	EversiblePharynx	28 May 2015 13:31:17
BullateSaccate	Bullate/Saccate	Balloon or sac-like (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:23:09
BurrowBuilder	Burrow builder	An organism that constructs permanent or semi-permanent burrows through physical excavation or chemical action.	HabitatModification	29 July 2015 11:57:04
Burrower	Burrower	An organism that moves through the substratum by burrowing or tunneling (e.g. earthworms, polychaetes).	Mobile	14 May 2015 15:42:08
Bysso-Pelagic	Bysso-pelagic	Use of a length of byssus thread (e.g. micro-molluscs, juvenile molluscs) or mucus (e.g Nemertesia planulae) to be carried by water flow	Drifter	14 May 2015 15:48:11
Calcareous	Calcareous	An organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals)	ReefBuilding	20 January 2017 14:17:40
CalcareousSkeleton	Calcareous	Skeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structures	Solid NonSolidCement NonSolidParticlesComp	10 March 2017 13:48:46
Calcite	Calcite	crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges.	CalcareousSkeleton	23 January 2017 12:28:39
CapitateClubbed	Capitate/Clubbed	Enlarged or swollen at the apex, with a ‘head’, clubbed (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape	14 May 2015 10:36:25
Captacula	Captacula	specialist - scaphopods	FeedingApparatus	7 November 2014 15:20:38
Carnivore	Carnivore	An organism that feeds on animal tissue/meat.	Heterotroph	7 December 2015 15:29:25
CephalicSpines	Cephalic spines	specialist - chaetognaths	FeedingApparatus	15 July 2015 16:02:51
Chains	Chains	Forming chains of individuals	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:23:51
Chemoautotroph	Chemoautotroph	An organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Autotroph	22 May 2015 13:28:34
Chitinous	Chitinous	composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005).	Solid	14 March 2017 08:07:51
Choanocytes	Choanocytes	Special feeding cell of sponges	FeedingApparatus	7 November 2014 14:38:34
CiliaFlagella	Cilia/Flagella	Swimming is effected by beating of cilia and or flagella; includes the fused cilia of Ctenophores.	Swimmer	29 July 2015 12:09:38
Clathrate	Clathrate	Latticed (Holmes, 1979).	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:24:01
Clawed	Clawed	e.g. Mammals	GraspingPaws	7 November 2014 15:04:04
Colonial (e.g. sea birds)	Colonial (e.g. sea birds)	Organisms that come together in large colonies (100 plus individuals) - often in the same area from season to season - usually for breeding purposes	Gregarious	20 May 2015 16:15:20
Commensal (with/on/in)	Commensal (with/on/in)	Symbiosis (q.v.) in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply, whilst the other species is not adversely affected (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Symbiotic	20 May 2015 16:04:37
ConeHalfSphere	Cone with half sphere	Cone with a half sphere (Olenina et al., 2006).	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:16:10
Conical	Cone (Conical)	Cone shaped e.g. limpet-shaped, patelliform (adapted from Stachowitsch, 1992).	BodyShape	14 May 2015 10:44:43
ContactDipping	Contact dipping		Dipping	15 July 2015 15:47:55
CoralSands	Coral (or similar) sands	Deposition of sands formed by the breakdown to the skeletons of living organisms	BedForming	14 May 2015 15:01:16
CrawlerWalkerClimber	Crawler/Walker/Climber	An organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. Carcinus).	Mobile	29 July 2015 11:45:16
Creeper	Creeper	An organism that moves slowly or 'creeps' across the surface of the substratum	Mobile	14 May 2015 15:45:52
Cruising	Cruising	copepod / zooplankton specific??	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 12:50:31
CrustoseHard	Crustose hard	Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that is solid or resistant to touch or pressure e.g. encrusting coralline algae or sea mats such as Umbonula littoralis.	Encrusting	14 May 2015 11:34:23
CrustoseSoft	Crustose soft	Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that yields to the touch or pressure e.g. the gelatinous colonies of Botryllus schlosseri or soft cushions of sponges such as Halichondria sp.	Encrusting	14 May 2015 11:35:09
Ctenidia	Ctenidia	e.g bivalve molluscs	Gills	7 November 2014 14:54:55
Cushion	Cushion	A mass or pillow of soft material.	Encrusting	7 November 2014 17:03:47
Cylindrical	Cylindrical	With straight sides and a circular section (Thompson, 1995).	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:24:49
Dabbling	Dabbling	Seabirds/waders?	SearcherForager	11 November 2014 10:19:47
DeOxygenationTolerance	De-Oxygenation Tolerance	Min Value	Ecophysiology	7 November 2014 15:30:28
Dendroid	Dendroid	Branching irregularly – similar to that of a root system (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:28:03
Dependancy	Dependency	Description of an organism's relationship with other organisms	ModeOfLife	29 July 2015 11:38:38
DepositFeeder	Deposit Feeder	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:20:57
Detritivore	Detritivore	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Heterotroph	22 May 2015 13:30:36
Diel	Diel	Daily, pertaining to a 24 hour period.	Migratory	7 November 2014 16:10:06
Digitate	Digitate	Having parts arranged like fingers on a hand (Holmes, 1979).	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:28:44
Dipping	Dipping	seabird specific?	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:49:35
DippingToSurface	Dipping to surface		Dipping	29 July 2015 11:26:01
DispersalPotentialAdult	Dispersal potential (adult)	The distance over which the adult organism is able to roam, travel or disperse; the greatest potnetial or recorded distance. Does not acknowledge limitations due to geography, hydrography, or behavioural (territorial) constraints.	Movement	29 July 2015 12:07:55
Diving	Diving	Seabird specific?	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:49:57
DoubleCone	Double cone	Double cone (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:17:04
DownwardConveyor	Downward conveyor	Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically heads-up at the surface, and that ingest particles at the surface and egest them as faeces at depth in the sediment (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking	28 May 2015 08:51:52
Drifter	Drifter	An organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents (e.g. Aurelia).	Mobile	14 May 2015 15:46:22
DrivingFishForward	Driving Fish Forward	seabird, cetaceans?	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:50:23
Ecological Descriptors	Ecological Descriptors	Collection of traits relating to species ecology	Marine species traits	26 September 2014 12:39:07
EcologicalInteraction	Ecological Interaction	Traits relating to how a species interacts with it's surrounding environment and other associated species.	Ecological Descriptors	29 July 2015 11:55:41
Ecophysiology	Ecophysiology	Traits that describe an physiological and environmental tolerance of an organism	Ecological Descriptors	28 May 2015 13:42:04
Ectoparasitic	Ectoparasitic	Parasitic on the outer surface of its host (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	Parasite	18 December 2019 14:17:38
Encrusting	Encrusting	Forms or resembles a crust over a substratum or other organisms	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:24:54
Endoparasitic	Endoparasitic	Parasitic within the tissues or organs of its host (see Lincoln et al., 1998).	Parasite	18 December 2019 14:17:45
Endoskeleton	Endoskeleton	internal structure that supports the body of an organism	SupportingStructuresEnclosures	10 March 2017 13:55:09
Erect	Erect	Main visible parts of organism stand upright and above the surface of the substratum.	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:36:40
EversiblePharynx	Eversible pharynx	Pharynx can be everted to engulf and/or seize food items	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 13:30:09
Exoskeleton	Exoskeleton (including shells)	A rigid external structure that supports and/or protects the body of an organism and that is mainly completely secreted by the epidermis (derived from Lawrence 2005).	SupportingStructuresEnclosures	10 March 2017 13:56:15
ExternalTube	External Tube	A built-structure inhabited by an organism and essential to its survival, but not part of its body, composed of hardened (either rigid or flexible) secretions, with or without the addition of embedded particles, with those particles either selectively collected from the environment or passively becoming glued during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.).	SupportingStructuresEnclosures	14 March 2017 08:01:54
FaunalBeds	Faunal beds	Dense aggregation of animals that visually dominate the seabed or shore such as brittlestars (e.g. Ophiothrix fragilis ) or mussels (e.g. Mytilus edulis).	BodyShape	14 May 2015 10:48:06
Feeding	Feeding	Traits related to how an organism feeds, the food type and feeding method exhibited by a species	Ecological Descriptors	22 May 2015 13:25:32
FeedingApparatus	Feeding apparatus	Description of the apparatus (mechanism) used to collect/capture food	Feeding	28 May 2015 10:26:38
FeedingMethodBehaviour	Feeding Method/Behaviour	A description of how the oganism gathers food, and from where	Feeding	29 July 2015 11:20:27
FilerBasket	Filter basket	Specialist e.g. sea squirts	Gills	28 May 2015 11:26:50
Filiform	Filiform	Slender and thread-like (Kozloff, 1996).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:11:24
Flabellate	Flabellate	Shaped like a fan, fanlike (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:13:02
Flaccid	Flaccid	Soft, limp, flabby (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:25:01
FlattenedEllipsoid	Flattened Ellipsoid	Flattened ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:39:28
Flexibility	Flexibility	An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage - High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°)	BodyForm	29 July 2015 11:08:00
Floating	Floating	Seabirds/wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:07:48
FlyerFlight	Flyer (Flight)	An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds	Mobile	29 July 2015 11:44:30
Foliose	Foliose	Bearing leaves or leaf-like structures; having the appearance of a leaf.	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:30:01
FollowingFishingBoats	Following Fishing Boats	Seabirds	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:08:42
FoodPiracy	Food Piracy	Stealing food from other birds in flight	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:50:33
FoodTypeDiet	Food Type/Diet	Description of the source of the organisms nurishment, i.e. what it feeds on	Feeding	29 July 2015 11:29:34
FootPaddling	Foot Paddling	Seabirds/Wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:10:14
FootStirring	Foot Stirring	Seabirds/Wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:09:21
Forest	Forest	A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna.	Erect	7 November 2014 16:53:08
ForestForming	Forest-forming	An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps).	Biogenic	14 May 2015 16:28:55
Fragile	Fragile	Likely to break, or crack as a result of physical impact; brittle or friable.	Fragility	10 November 2014 10:20:43
Fragility	Fragility	A qualitative estimate of the susceptibility of a species to physical damage.	BodyForm	29 July 2015 11:08:11
FreeLiving	Free living	Free living - little modification	HabitatModification	15 April 2016 12:12:35
FunnelShaped	Funnel Shaped	Shaped like a funnel	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:31:50
GillRakers	Gill rakers	Specialist - e.g. planktivorous fish such as basking shark	Gills	28 May 2015 11:28:07
Gills	Gills	Where the respiratory organs also power and/or provide a feeding apparatus (muco-cilliary feeding)	FeedingApparatus	7 November 2014 14:53:59
Glider	Glider	An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish)	Mobile	14 May 2015 15:52:45
Globose	Globose	Approximately spherical, ovoid or globular (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape	14 May 2015 10:50:04
Gorgonin	Gorgonin	fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony.	Solid	23 January 2017 12:26:55
Grasping	Grasping	Tentacles that grab and grasp food items	Tentacles	7 November 2014 14:43:19
GraspingClaws	Grasping claws	Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions	ArmsAppendages	28 May 2015 10:30:41
GraspingPaws	Grasping paws, hands, feet	Vertebrate hands, feat, paws etc designed to grasp food items using claws, talons etc.	ArmsAppendages	28 May 2015 10:31:47
Grazer	Grazer	Feeding on herbage, algae or phytoplankton by consuming the whole plant or the surface growth (Lincoln et al., 1998)	GrazerBrowser	29 July 2015 11:15:34
GrazerBrowser	Grazer/Browser	Generally mobile consumers of sessile prey (e.g. plants, hydroids) cropping exposed tissues usually without killing the whole individual or colony.	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:21:09
GrazerFrondsBlades	Grazer (fronds/blades)	Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock et al., 1999).	Grazer	29 July 2015 11:16:03
GrazerGrainsParticles	Grazer (grains / particles)	Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock et al., 1999).	Grazer	29 July 2015 11:16:15
GrazerSurfaceSubstratum	Grazer (surface/substratum)	Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock et al., 1999).	Grazer	29 July 2015 11:16:28
Gregarious	Gregarious	Living in groups or communities, growing in clusters (Thompson, 1995) - where the organisms actively seek out members of the same species as adult or larvae/juveniles for protection from the environment, predators or for breeding	Sociability	20 May 2015 16:11:58
GroundForaging	Ground Foraging	seabirds?	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 12:59:28
GrowthForm	Growth form (or type)	Deterministic growth or indeterminate growth resulting in single unitary individuals or modular (colonial) organisms.	BodyForm	29 July 2015 11:07:08
GrowthRate	Growth Rate	(expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year)	Ecophysiology	7 November 2014 15:28:58
HabitatModification	Habitat modification	A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam et al., 2013).	EcologicalInteraction	29 July 2015 11:56:31
HalfCone	Half cone	Half cone (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:17:47
HalfConeFlattenedEllipsoid	Half cone with flattened ellipsoid	Half cone with flattened ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:26:16
HalfParallelepiped	Half parallelepiped	Half parallelepiped (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:18:43
HalfSphereDome	Half sphere (dome)	Half sphere (dome)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:27:25
Hawking	Hawking		PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:50:44
HeightAboveSubstratum	Height (above substratum)	Height above the surface of the substratum of an individual or single modular colony. e.g a blade of seagrass, a seaweed thallus, projecting tube worm, upright sea pen etc.	BodyForm	29 July 2015 11:08:29
Herbivore	Herbivore	An organism which only feeds on plants, including phytoplankton.	Heterotroph	7 November 2014 16:30:39
Heterotroph	Heterotroph	An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FoodTypeDiet	29 July 2015 11:30:00
HighMagnesiumCalcite	High Magnesium Calcite	Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3.	CalcareousSkeleton	23 January 2017 12:20:38
Host	Host	An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln et al., 1998).	Support	20 May 2015 16:22:49
HoverDipping	Hover dipping		Dipping	15 July 2015 15:48:16
Hovering	Hovering	Bird/insect specific	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:51:06
Hydrostatic	Hydrostatic skeleton	Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups.	SupportingStructuresEnclosures	23 January 2017 10:15:04
Independant (Free living)	Independant (free living)	Independant, individual organisms	Dependancy	20 May 2015 15:40:41
InhalentSiphon	Inhalent siphon	Specialist - modified siphon to capture prey	FeedingApparatus	15 July 2015 16:07:45
Inquilinist	Inquilinist	A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980).	Symbiotic	20 May 2015 16:06:10
Intermediary	Intermediary	Liable to suffer minor damage, chips or cracks as result of physical impacts.	Fragility	10 November 2014 10:21:25
Introvert	Introvert	specialist - sipunculans	FeedingApparatus	7 November 2014 15:19:53
JetPropulsion	Jet propulsion	Swimming is effected by contraction of the body or body cavity to produce a 'jet' of water, e.g. medusae and cephalopods (from Barnes et al., 2006)	Swimmer	29 July 2015 12:08:44
Jumper/Hopper	Jumper/Hopper	Organisms able to undertake a rapid jump or hop several times their own body length, using specialised limbs or appendages (e.g. sand hoppers, spring tails, grass hoppers etc)	Mobile	7 November 2014 16:06:49
Keratinous	Keratinous	composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005).	Solid	14 March 2017 08:08:34
Kleptoparasitism	Kleptoparasitism	In which the female of one species steals the food reserves or prey of a female of another species, to feed her own progeny (Lincoln et al., 1998)	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:21:35
Lanceolate	Lanceolate	Lance shaped and usually elongate (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:51:21
LargeInsectColonies	Large (insect colonies)	Large colonies of indivduals cooperating for mutual benefit, made up of thousnads or more individuals, often with a dominant matriach, e.g. social incests , bees etc.	SocialGroup	29 July 2015 11:34:28
Lophophore	Lophophore	Specialist - filter feeding organ e.g. brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 13:38:41
Lures	Lures	An organism that uses a lure to attract prey within range of its 'pounce' attack	Pouncing	28 May 2015 09:59:55
Massive	Massive	Bulky (Homes, 1979).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:52:02
Mat	Mat	A dense mass which blankets the substratum.	Encrusting	7 November 2014 17:04:26
Medusiform	Medusiform/Medusoid	Disk, bell or umbrella shaped and often gelatinous (Barnes et al., 1988).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 09:56:40
Migratory	Migration (migratory)	Periodic movement of organisms between alternative habitats e.g. between areas for reproduction and one or more areas of non-reproductive activity, or between areas of foraging and areas used for other activities. Most migrations occur at predictable intervals triggered by stimuli e.g. unfavourable conditions. NB: Movements that do not include an obligatory return journey are classified as dispersal (Baretta-Bekker et al., 1992).	Movement	14 May 2015 16:15:38
MixedCalcareousMaterial	Mixed Calcareous Material	Skeleton composed of a mixture of any of aragonite, calcite, high magnesium calcite or amorphous CaCO3	CalcareousSkeleton	20 January 2017 14:20:57
Mixotroph	Mixotroph	An organism that exhibts both autotrophy and heterotrophy	FoodTypeDiet	29 July 2015 11:30:11
Mobile	Mobile	Capable of movement	Mobility	7 November 2014 15:58:50
Mobility	Mobility		Movement	7 November 2014 15:59:42
ModeOfLife	Mode of Life	Traits relating to the mode of life a species exhibits	Ecological Descriptors	29 July 2015 11:38:08
Modular	Modular	Organisms that grow by the repeated iteration of parts, e.g. the leaves, shoots and branches of a plant, the polyps of a coral or bryozoan. Modular organisms are almost always branched, though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent (Begon et al., 2005).	Growth Form	14 May 2015 10:08:36
Monoraphidioid	Monoraphidioid	Resembling a crescent moon (see Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:20:47
MouthParts	Mouth parts	Traits that describes specialized mouth parts	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 11:29:53
Movement	Movement	Traits relating to the movement of the species	Ecological Descriptors	12 January 2015 17:44:20
MucusMesh	Mucus mesh or net	Secretion of a simple or complex mucus mesh to filter food particles from water column (e.g polychaetes Chaetopterus and larvaceans.	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 11:33:07
Muscular Contraction (body length)	Muscular contraction (body length)	Swimming is effected by muscular contractions along the length of the body, which may be aided by body protrusions or structures (e.g. parapodia, fins).	Swimmer	15 July 2015 16:09:35
MuscularAxialProboscis	Muscular axial proboscis	The proboscis has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted. While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso-ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross.	EversiblePharynx	28 May 2015 13:32:02
MutualistMutualism	Mutualist (mutualism)	A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln et al., 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite).	Symbiotic	29 July 2015 11:36:22
NonMigratoryResident	Non-migratory (resident)	Remaining within the same area (from Lincoln et al.,1998).	Migratory	29 July 2015 12:04:08
NonSolidCement	Non-solid; cement	component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together.	Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube	23 January 2017 12:56:15
NonSolidParticlesComp	Non-solid; particles	small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges.	Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube	14 March 2017 07:57:26
NonTerritorial	Non-Territorial	Independent without a defined territory	Solitary	29 July 2015 11:32:36
Nonfeeding	Non-Feeding	Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph)	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:21:49
Omnivore	Omnivore	An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln et al., 1998).	Heterotroph	22 May 2015 13:31:20
OntogeneticMigration	Ontogenetic migration	Different life stages migrate into different habitats, or part of habitat (e.g. copepods) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Migratory	29 July 2015 12:04:20
OpenEndedVentilation	Open-ended ventilation	Organisms that live in a 'U' or 'Y' shaped burrow where water is drawn through the burrow (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking	28 May 2015 09:05:54
OralPodia	Oral podia	Specialist - modified tube feet in holothurians	Tentacles	28 May 2015 11:49:22
Organic	Organic	(1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules.	NonSolidCement	23 January 2017 12:37:41
Other	Other		Drifter	14 May 2015 15:50:06
OvalCylinder	Oval cylinder	An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:21:54
Palps	Palps	Specialist - Protobranch molluscs	Tentacles	7 November 2014 14:50:22
Papillae	Papillae or tube feet	Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids).	ArmsAppendages	28 May 2015 11:24:02
ParallelepipedRhomboid	Parallelepiped (rhomboid)	In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:23:34
Parasite	Parasitic	An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln et al., 1998)	Dependancy	18 December 2019 14:18:13
ParasiticFeeding	Parasitic	An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent.	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:21:58
Parasitoid	Parasitoid	An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:22:20
Passive	Passive	Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999).	SuspensionFeeder	29 July 2015 11:24:03
PassiveDrifter	Passive drifter	Movement dependent on wind or water currents	Drifter	29 July 2015 11:47:00
Pattering	Pattering	seabirds/wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:05:28
Penicillate	Penicillate	Brush like (Prescott ,1969).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:01:21
Phagocytosis	Phagocytosis	Engulfing prey/food item in cytoplasm	FeedingApparatus	7 November 2014 14:37:32
Phosphatic	Phosphatic	composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates.	Solid	20 January 2017 15:49:41
Photoautotroph	Photoautotroph	An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Autotroph	22 May 2015 13:29:07
PhotosyntheticPigment	Photosynthetic pigment(s)		Ecophysiology	15 July 2015 16:10:20
PickingfromWaterSurface	Picking from the water surface	Seabirds/wader	SearcherForager	15 July 2015 16:11:42
PiercingToxic	Piercing	Specialist - modified radula used to inject toxins, e.g. cone shells	Radulae	28 May 2015 11:43:41
Pinnate	Pinnate	Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:02:05
PinnateBranching	Pinnate or branching	Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism	Tentacles	28 May 2015 11:50:17
Pisciform	Pisciform	Fish-like	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:02:55
PlungeDiving	Plunge Diving		Plunging	7 November 2014 12:39:13
Plunging	Plunging	Seabird specific?	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:51:16
Pouncing	Pouncing	An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range.	Ambusher	28 May 2015 09:58:44
Predator	Predator (Hunter)	Predatory behaviour in which one animal species captures a member of another species (Lincoln et al., 1998). OR mobile animals that attack kill and consume individual prey items, usually one at a time.	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:22:44
Probing	Probing	seabirds/wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:00:34
PursuitDiving	Pursuit Diving		Diving	7 November 2014 12:26:04
PursuitHunterCooperative	Pursuit hunter (co-operative)	An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc	Predator	29 July 2015 11:49:11
PursuitHunterIndividual	Pursuit Hunter (individual)	An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds)	Predator	29 July 2015 11:25:26
PursuitPlunging	Pursuit Plunging		Plunging	7 November 2014 12:40:37
Radial	Radial	Symmetrical about any plane passed perpendicular to the oral/aboral axis (Barnes et al., 1993).	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:30:52
Radulae	Radulae	Specialist - protrusile anterior region of digestive tract; refers to chitinized teeth along the radular membrane (Stachowitsch, 1992).	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 11:38:25
Rasping	Rasping	specialist - rasping radulla of grazing molluscs	Radulae	7 November 2014 15:08:01
ReefBuilding	Reef-building	An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. Sabellaria) or its skeleton (e.g. corals).	Biogenic	14 May 2015 16:30:16
Regenerator	Regenerator	Organisms that excavate and maintain burrows in the sediment, which result in sediment transport from depth to the surface (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012.	SedimentReworking	28 May 2015 08:55:05
Reticulate	Reticulate	In the form of a mesh or net (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:04:30
Robust	Robust	Unlikely to be damaged as a result of physical impacts, e.g. hard or tough enough to withstand impact, or leathery or wiry enough to resist impact.	Fragility	10 November 2014 10:22:06
RotationalEllipsoid	Rotational ellipsoid	Rotational ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:28:57
Saprophage	Saprophage	An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln et al., 1998).	Heterotroph	22 May 2015 13:32:16
Scavenger	Scavenger	An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeedingMethodBehaviour	29 July 2015 11:23:12
SearcherForager	Searcher/Forager	Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish	Predator	28 May 2015 10:12:57
SeasonalEnvironment	Seasonal (environment)	A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions.	Migratory	29 July 2015 12:04:36
SeasonalFeeding	Seasonal (feeding)	A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds	Migratory	29 July 2015 12:04:51
SeasonalReproduction	Seasonal (reproduction)	A seasonal migration in order to reproduce.	Migratory	29 July 2015 12:03:36
SedimentReworking	Sediment reworking	Description of how an organism modifies or changes the physico-chemical nature of the habitat itself, e.g sediment reworking, deposition of faeces, or burrowing	HabitatModification	29 July 2015 11:58:24
Seizing	Seizing	Seabird specific - probably not - large predators that pounce and grab also	PursuitHunterCooperative	29 July 2015 11:51:27
Sessile	Sessile	Non-motile; permanently attached at the base (Lincoln et al., 1998) (e.g. Caryophyllia).	Mobility	14 May 2015 16:06:42
Setose	Setose (Hairy)	Appendages (arms, specialisted mothparts) used to capture suspended particulates	ArmsAppendages	7 November 2014 14:58:48
ShallowPlunging	Shallow plunging		Plunging	15 July 2015 16:12:42
Shrub	Shrub	Having a very short stem with branches near the ground (Thompson, 1995).	Erect	7 November 2014 16:53:50
Siliceous	Siliceous	composed of silicon based spines, spicules or lattice, e.g. siliceous or glass sponges	Solid	20 January 2017 15:41:47
SimpleAxialProboscis	Simple axial proboscis	A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction.	EversiblePharynx	28 May 2015 13:33:33
Skimming	Skimming	seabirds/wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:04:30
SmallTribePridePackPod	Small (tribe/pride/pack/pod)	Small group of individuals that work together for mutual benefit, often held together by familial (matriarchal/patriarchal) bonds (e.g. a pack or wolves, a pod of dolphin, a pride of lions, a tribe of humans).	SocialGroup	29 July 2015 11:34:39
Snatching	Snatching		Ambusher	28 May 2015 10:04:40
Sociability	Sociability	Traits that describe an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species.	ModeOfLife	29 July 2015 11:38:49
SocialGroup	Social group	Cooperative groups of the same species - e.g. social insects, mammals	Sociability	29 July 2015 11:34:17
Solid	Solid	massive structure, e.i. not consisting of loose agglutinated particles.	Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube	23 February 2017 12:44:51
Solitary	Solitary	Living alone, not gregarious (Thompson 1995).	Sociability	7 November 2014 16:20:48
Sphere	Sphere (spherical)	A sphere or globe	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:32:07
Sponginous	Sponginous	composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005).	Solid	14 March 2017 08:09:22
Stacks	Stacks	Stacks of indivudal cells/frustules (e.g. in diatoms), like a pack of cards.	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:06:51
Stellate	Stellate	Arranged like a star.	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:07:37
StickyMucus	Sticky or mucus covered	Tentacles used to collect particluate food (e.g. polychaete deposit feeders)	Tentacles	28 May 2015 11:53:31
Stinging	Stinging	Tentacles that bear stinging cells to catch, subdue prey (e.g. Cnidaria)	Tentacles	7 November 2014 14:46:24
Straplike	Straplike/Ribbonlike	In the form of a strap or ribbon.	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:08:20
StunAttack	Stun attack	An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp)	Ambusher	28 May 2015 10:06:03
Substratum	Substratum	An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship.	Support	20 May 2015 16:23:45
SubsurfaceDepositFeeder	Sub-surface deposit feeder	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. Echinocardium cordatum) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	DepositFeeder	22 May 2015 13:41:26
SubsurfaceSeizing	Subsurface seizing		Seizing	15 July 2015 16:13:17
Suctorial	Suctorial (sucker bearing)	Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods)	ArmsAppendages	28 May 2015 11:24:53
Support	Support	An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota.	ModeOfLife	29 July 2015 11:38:59
SupportingStructuresEnclosures	Supporting Structures and Enclosures	Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005).	BodyForm	23 February 2017 11:14:46
SurfaceDabbling	Surface dabbling		Dabbling	15 July 2015 16:13:41
SurfaceDepositFeeder	Surface deposit feeder	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. Corophium volutator) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	DepositFeeder	22 May 2015 13:42:07
SurfaceDipping	Surface dipping		Dipping	15 July 2015 15:49:04
SurfaceDiving	Surface Diving		Diving	7 November 2014 12:21:36
SurfacePlunging	Surface plunging		Plunging	15 July 2015 16:14:18
SurfaceSeizing	Surface seizing		Seizing	15 July 2015 16:14:44
SuspensionFeeder	Suspension feeder	Organisms that strain food from the surrounding water. They can range in complexity from sponges and corals to baleen whales. They live on organisms or debris that drifts past them, or they seek out small floating or swimming organisms (Charton, 2001).	FeedingMethodBehaviour	13 December 2016 15:02:13
Swimmer	Swimmer	An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. Gadus, Loligo).	Mobile	14 May 2015 15:55:24
Swimming	Swimming	Seabirds/wader	SearcherForager	7 November 2014 13:11:25
SymbiontContribution	Symbiont contribution	Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. Anemonia with zooxanthellae).	Heterotroph	29 July 2015 11:27:03
Symbiotic	Symbiotic	An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998)	Dependancy	20 May 2015 16:02:30
Tadpole	Tadpole	Having the body form of a tadpole i.e. consisting of a round head with a tail.	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:08:59
Talons	Talons	e.g. birds	GraspingPaws	7 November 2014 15:04:44
TempRange	Temperature range tolerated	Min/Max Value	Ecophysiology	15 July 2015 16:15:39
TemporaryAttachment	Temporary attachment	An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. Actinia).	Mobile	17 July 2015 14:08:32
Tentacles	Tentacles	A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED).	FeedingApparatus	28 May 2015 11:48:46
Territorial	Territorial	Independent but maintains a defined territory	Solitary	20 May 2015 16:19:08
Trapezoid	Trapezoid/Trapezium	a convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American and Canadian English but as a trapezium in English	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:09:54
Traps	Traps	An organism that uses traps such as sticky threads or webbing (e.g. spiders)	Ambusher	28 May 2015 10:00:54
TruncatedCone	Truncated cone	Cone with flattended top (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape	14 May 2015 11:24:43
Tubicolous	Tube dwelling (tubicolous)	An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc).	HabitatModification	29 July 2015 11:58:35
Turbinate	Turbinate	Whorled (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:11:16
Turf	Turf	The lowest stratum of erect branching or filiform species.	Erect	7 November 2014 16:54:26
UnderwaterSeizing	Underwater seizing		Seizing	15 July 2015 16:16:11
UnderwaterSwimming	Underwater swimming		Swimming	15 July 2015 16:18:10
Unitary	Unitary	Organisms that grow by a determinate pathway of development of a tightly canalized adult form, e.g. all arthropods and vertebrates (from Begon et al., 2005).	Growth Form	14 May 2015 10:10:04
UpwardsConveyor	Upward conveyor	Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically head-down at depth in the sediment, and that transport particles from depth to the sediment surface (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking	28 May 2015 08:52:33
Variable	Variable	mixed and variable material	NonSolidParticlesComp	23 February 2017 14:06:59
VentralBuccalOrgan	Ventral buccal organ	variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral proboscis and is the most common form in Polychaetes. The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad, the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present.	EversiblePharynx	28 May 2015 13:34:38
VentralMuscularProboscis	Ventral muscular proboscis	The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are separated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae.	EversiblePharynx	28 May 2015 13:32:47
Vermiform	Vermiform	Worm-like	BodyShape	7 November 2014 17:25:46
VermiformAnnulated	Vermiform annulated	Worm like but lacking true segments although annuli may be present, e.g. roundworms (Nematoda) and ribbon worms (Nemertea).	Vermiform	15 July 2015 16:18:40
VermiformSegmented	Vermiform segmented	Worm-like with the body divided into semi-independent, serially repeated units (Barnes et al., 1993) e.g. Annelida.	Vermiform	15 July 2015 16:18:59
VermiformUnsegmented	Vermiform Unsegmented	Worm-like where the external surface is divided into a chain of rings or 'annuli' by furrows giving the appearance of segments (Barnes et al., 1993).	Vermiform	14 May 2015 11:50:47
WadinginShallowWater	Wading in shallow water		SearcherForager	15 July 2015 16:19:49
Whiplike	Whiplike	In the form of a whip.	BodyShape	10 November 2014 10:11:52

Species_Importance_To_Society

Species Importance To Society 

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of	Modification date"Modification date" is a predefined property that corresponds to the date of the last modification of a subject and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.
Absent	Absent	Species that were reported at some time to be present but were not recorded subsequently are reported to be ‘Absent’.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:25:24
Abundance	Abundance	Abundance and population trends of species populations have been recorded where this information was available.	Introduced Species Catalog	6 May 2015 12:07:34
AbundanceAndDistributionOfMarineMammals	Abundance and Distribution of marine mammals (M4)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 10:57:20
Adverse habitat modification	Adverse habitat modification	Where the species physically alters the nature of the strata/habitat.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:26:11
Alien	Alien	Species introduced by man into places out of their natural range of distribution.	Origin	15 September 2015 14:55:39
Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles	Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles	Where the species alters the nature of chemical or water cycles.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:26:46
Alters trophic interactions	Alters trophic interactions	Where the species alters food web dynamics.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:27:40
Aquaculture: accidental	Aquaculture: accidental	Alien and potentially invasive species that have accidentally escaped from containment/ aquaculture facility into the wild.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:28:28
Aquaculture: deliberate	Traits:Pathways/vector	Alien and potentially invasive species that have been intentionally introduced for aquaculture.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 12:02:20
Aquatic transport	Aquatic transport	Where the species alters boat traffic or impedes ability of boats to navigate waterways.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:28:50
Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release	Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release	Where an introduction of a bio-control agent results in an unintentional introduction of an invasive species (which is carried directly on the bio-control agent itself or along with habitat material associated with the bio-control agent).	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:29:12
Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent	Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent	Where a species (i.e. a bio-control agent) introduced to control a pest, weed or invasive species becomes a problem itself.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:29:27
BirdsDirective	Birds Directive	Europe is home to more than 500 wild bird species. But at least 32 % of the EU's bird species are currently not in a good conservation status. The Birds Directive aims to protect all of the 500 wild bird species naturally occurring in the European Union.	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 09:26:15
BirdsDirectiveAnnex1	Birds Directive Annex 1	194 species and sub-species are particularly threatened. Member States must designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for their survival and all migratory bird species.	BirdsDirective	5 December 2019 09:19:31
BirdsDirectiveAnnex2	Birds Directive Annex 2	82 bird species can be hunted. However, the hunting periods are limited and hunting is forbidden when birds are at their most vulnerable: during their return migration to nesting areas, reproduction and the raising of their chicks.	BirdsDirective	5 December 2019 09:21:19
BirdsDirectiveAnnex3	Birds Directive Annex 3	Overall, activities that directly threaten birds, such as their deliberate killing, capture or trade, or the destruction of their nests, are banned. With certain restrictions, Member States can allow some of these activities for 26 species listed here.	BirdsDirective	5 December 2019 09:22:35
BirdsDirectiveAnnex4	Birds Directive Annex 4	The directive provides for the sustainable management of hunting but Member States must outlaw all forms of non-selective and large scale killing of birds, especially the methods listed in this annex.	BirdsDirective	5 December 2019 09:23:52
BirdsDirectiveAnnex5	Birds Directive Annex 5	The directive promotes research to underpin the protection, management and use of all species of birds covered by the Directive, which are listed in this annex.	BirdsDirective	5 December 2019 09:25:07
Border Intercept	Border Intercept	Species that have been intercepted at borders as a result of detection procedures.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:29:45
CITES	CITES	CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation.	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 09:08:40
CITESAppendixI	CITES Appendix I	Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II, paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition.	CITES	5 December 2019 08:08:16
CITESAppendixII	CITES Appendix II	Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention)	CITES	5 December 2019 08:09:31
CITESAppendixIII	CITES Appendix III	Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention)	CITES	5 December 2019 08:10:32
Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals	Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals	Where a canal, by joining two bodies of water which were not originally naturally joined, becomes a conduit for invasive species migration to a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:30:00
ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay	Change in average trophic level of marine predators in the Bay of Biscay (FW4)	Common in OSPAR Region IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:52:48
ChangesInBiodiversityIndex	Changes in biodiversity index(s) (PH3)	Common in OSPAR Region III	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:45:39
ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio	Changes in plankton functional types (life form) index Ratio (PH1/FW5)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:16:13
Common	Common	A species with is abundant or present at moderate or relatively moderate densities.	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:31:01
Common to dominant	Common to dominant	A species which is found in relatively moderate to high densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:31:25
ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities	Condition of Benthic Habitat Communities (BH2)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:10:26
Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)	Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)	Where the species preys on native fauna or grazes on native flora.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:31:45
CriticallyEndangered	Critically Endangered (CR)	A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:25:47
Damage to marine structures or archaeology	Damage to marine structures or archaeology	Where the species degrades marine infrastructures or archaeological sites.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:32:08
DataDeficient	Data Deficient (DD)	A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:30:37
Debris: transport of species on human generated debris	Debris: transport of species on human generated debris	Where floating rafts of man-made materials become vectors for an invasive species.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:32:26
Detected in invasion pathway	Detected in invasion pathway	Species detected in invasion pathways for example in ballast water, or as a hull-fouling organism.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:32:46
Detected in the wild	Detected in the wild	Species that have been recorded as present in the wild with no further information.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:33:20
Dominant	Dominant	A species which is very abundant or present at high densities or relatively high densities.	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:38:57
Endangered	Endangered (EN)	A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:25:24
Eradicated	Eradicated	Species that have been subject to an eradication event and have been confirmed as eradicated.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:39:14
Eradication unconfirmed	Eradication unconfirmed	Species that have been subject to an eradication event but have not been confirmed as eradicated.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:40:07
Established	Established	Species that have become established in their introduced range.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:40:28
Established and expanding	Established and expanding	Species that have become established in their introduced range and are known to be increasing in abundance and expanding their range.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:40:52
Established and stable	Established and stable	Species that have become established in their introduced range but are not known to be spreading aggressively.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:41:10
ExtentOfPhysicalDamageToPredominantAndSpecialHabitats	Extent of Physical Damage to Predominant and Special Habitats (BH3)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:14:03
Extinct	Extinct (EX)	A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:27:20
ExtinctInTheWild	Extinct in the Wild (EW)	A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:26:13
Extirpated	Extirpated	Species that were present but have been declared extinct.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:41:37
FAOASFISSpeciesForFisheryStatisticsPurposes	FAO-ASFIS: Species for Fishery Statistics Purposes	The FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information Branch (FIAS) collates world capture and aquaculture production statistics at either the species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels in 2 346 statistical categories (2019 data release) referred to as species items. ASFIS list of species includes 12 771 species items selected according to their interest or relation to fisheries and aquaculture. For each species item stored in a record, codes (ISSCAAP group, taxonomic and 3-alpha) and taxonomic information (scientific name, author(s), family, and higher taxonomic classification) are provided. An English name is available for most of the records, and about one third of them have also a French and Spanish name. Information is also provided about the availability of fishery production statistics on the species item in the FAO databases.	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 13:52:50
Fisheries: accidental as bait	Fisheries: accidental as bait	This is where an invasive species is used as a bait resulting in its introduction into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:42:11
Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish	Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish	Where in the process of stocking a fishery an associated invasive species is unintentionally introduced into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:43:04
Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate	Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate	Where an invasive species is unintentionally introduced into a new area/region as a result of the movement of fishery related products or materials (ie: not the direct movement of fisheries stock).	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:43:20
Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery	Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery	Where an invasive species is intentionally introduced into a new area/region for the purpose of stocking/replenishing/establishing a fishery industry based on the invasive species.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:43:41
Fluctuating	Fluctuating	A species which exhibits fluctuating densities (either undefined in the literature or otherwise not mentioned in the abundance terms/parameters described here).	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:43:59
Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression	Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression	Where the species degrades native genetic resources (by hybridizing with native fauna/flora).	Impact	6 May 2015 11:44:13
GreySealPupProduction	Grey seal pup production (M5)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 11:00:23
HabitatsDirective	Habitats Directive	The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) ensures the conservation of a wide range of rare, threatened or endemic animal and plant species. Some 200 rare and characteristic habitat types are also targeted for conservation in their own right. All in all, over 1.000 animal and plant species, as well as 200 habitat types, listed in the directive's annexes are protected in various ways.	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 09:47:22
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexI	Habitats Directive Annex I	(needs a definition)	HabitatsDirective	5 December 2019 09:37:09
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexII	Habitats Directive Annex II	Annex II species (about 900): core areas of their habitat are designated as sites of Community importance (SCIs) and included in the Natura 2000 network. These sites must be managed in accordance with the ecological needs of the species.	HabitatsDirective	5 December 2019 09:38:48
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIII	Habitats Directive Annex III	(needs a definition)	HabitatsDirective	5 December 2019 09:41:09
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIV	Habitats Directive Annex IV	Annex IV species (over 400, including many annex II species): a strict protection regime must be applied across their entire natural range within the EU, both within and outside Natura 2000 sites.	HabitatsDirective	5 December 2019 09:42:13
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexV	Habitats Directive Annex V	Annex V species (over 90): Member States must ensure that their exploitation and taking in the wild is compatible with maintaining them in a favourable conservation status.	HabitatsDirective	5 December 2019 09:44:47
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexVI	Habitats Directive Annex VI	(needs a definition)	HabitatsDirective	5 December 2019 09:45:58
Human health	Human health	Where the species impacts human health.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:44:27
IUCNRedList	IUCN Red List	Provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction. http://www.iucnredlist.org/	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 08:47:56
Impact	Impact	Information on the impact of introduced and invasive marine species has been recorded. These include impacts on native species, their habitats and ecosystems, human health and activity, transmission of diseases, etc. Descriptive terms of impacts were standardized and listed in a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005).	Introduced Species Catalog	6 May 2015 12:08:10
In captivity/cultivated	In captivity/cultivated	Species that have been introduced and maintained in captivity or cultivated for example those species that are farmed in aquaculture or mariculture facilities.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:44:43
Individual release: accidental release by individuals	Individual release: accidental release by individuals	This describes any situation in which an invasive species is "accidentally" set free in the wild from aquaria sources leading to its introduction into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:45:33
Individual release: deliberate release by individuals	Individual release: deliberate release by individuals	This describes any situation in which an invasive species is intentionally planted or set free in the wild leading to its introduction into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:45:52
Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses	Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses	Where the species affects the behaviour of native species.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:46:06
Introduced Species Catalog	Introduced Species Catalog	Terms and definitions used in the World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRIMS).	Species Importance To Society	15 September 2015 15:10:25
Introduced country and/or sea area	Introduced country and/or sea area	Country or sea area that is recorded as the known introduced range of the species.	Location Type	2 June 2015 17:07:54
Introduction unverified	Introduction unverified	Species whose presence is uncertain, maybe reported as present anecdotally but not confirmed.	Occurrence	15 September 2015 15:02:26
Invasive	Invasive	Species that are known to be invasive- those species in whose cases evidence of impact has been recorded or which is spreading aggressively.	Invasiveness	6 May 2015 11:46:43
Invasiveness	Invasiveness	Terms used to describe 'Invasiveness' of species.	Introduced Species Catalog	6 May 2015 13:35:12
Invasiveness Not specified	Invasiveness Not specified	A species whose 'invasiveness' has not been specified in its introduced range. The species is known to be present and has been reported but there is no comment on its invasiveness.	Invasiveness	6 May 2015 11:46:58
Invasiveness Uncertain	Invasiveness Uncertain	Species whose invasiveness is uncertain.	Invasiveness	6 May 2015 11:47:17
LeastConcern	Least Concern (LC)	A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:23:23
Locally common	Locally common	A species which is observed to have a patchy distribution in terms of being common only at some locations.	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:47:36
Location Type	Location Type	Three location types have been recorded to describe the native range and known introduced range of the species	Introduced Species Catalog	6 May 2015 12:09:20
Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain	Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain	Where the species reduces aquaculture harvest or commercial/recreational gain.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:47:51
Loss of public/tourist amenity	Loss of public/tourist amenity	Where the species degrades amenities associated with public/tourist sites.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:48:39
MSFDIndicators	MSFD Indicators	Species that comprise indicators or components of indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm), with emphasis on Descriptors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6.	Species Importance To Society	15 April 2016 12:01:48
Management recorded	Management recorded	Species for which some management action including prevention has been recorded in its introduced range.	Invasiveness	6 May 2015 11:48:57
MarineBirdAbundance	Marine bird abundance (B1)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 11:08:06
MarineBirdBreedingSuccessFailure	Marine Bird Breeding Success / Failure (B3)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 11:10:23
MarineMammalBycatch	Marine mammal bycatch (M6)	Common in OSPAR Region II	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 11:03:32
Monoculture	Monoculture	A species which exists to the exclusion of all other species including dense mats or in 100% of survey counts.	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:49:10
Native	Native	Species that is native to the country or sea area.	Origin	15 September 2015 14:55:31
Native - Endemic	Native - Endemic	Species that is native and endemic to a country or sea area i.e. a species that is unique to a location or habitat.	Origin	15 September 2015 14:55:46
Native - Non-endemic	Native - Non-endemic	Species that is native to an area but is not endemic to it i.e. a species that has a wide native range.	Origin	15 September 2015 14:55:52
Native country and/or native sea area	Native country and/or native sea area	Country or sea area which is the native range of the species.	Location Type	2 June 2015 17:08:28
Natural dispersal	Natural dispersal	Where an invasive species migrates from a known introduced location to a new area/region using a natural mode/mechanism of dispersal; as the original location is part of its introduced range this pathway is included here.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:50:33
NearThreatened	Near Threatened (NT)	A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:23:57
Not invasive	Not invasive	Species that has not demonstrated any invasive traits in its introduced range.	Invasiveness	6 May 2015 11:50:49
NotEvaluated	Not Evaluated (NE)	A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:29:08
OSPARCommonIndicators	OSPAR Biodiversity Common Indicators	The common indicators agreed by OSPAR for assessing the status of biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic cover marine mammals, seabirds, fish communities, seafloor habitats, pelagic habitats, non-indigenous species and food webs. The biodiversity common indicators contributed assessments of the status biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic to the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. The assessments are published in the OSPAR Assessment Portal. The indicators are based on information from monitoring programmes described in the Coordinated Environment Monitoring Programme (CEMP). The programmes are described in the Appendices to the CEMP Agreement. Detailed descriptions, including method descriptions for the indicator calculations, are included in the CEMP Guideline Agreements.	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 13:07:52
OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats	The OSPAR Biological Diversity and Ecosystems Strategy sets out that the OSPAR Commission will assess which species and habitats need to be protected. This OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats has been developed to fulfil this commitment. It is based upon nominations by Contracting Parties and observers to the Commission of species and habitats that they consider to be priorities for protection.	Species Importance To Society	5 December 2019 09:05:54
OSPARRegionIArcticWaters	OSPAR Region I: Arctic Waters	Region I is the most northerly OSPAR region, characterised by its harsh climate and ice coverage although the ecosystems of this region are still rich. In spite of its low population density, human activities such as fishing and offshore petroleum production remain significant.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	4 December 2019 14:45:53
OSPARRegionIIGreaterNorthSea	OSPAR Region II: Greater North Sea	The Greater North Sea is one of the busiest maritime areas. Offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and maritime traffic are very important. Two of the world's largest ports are situated on the North Sea coast, and the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	4 December 2019 14:47:18
OSPARRegionIIICelticSeas	OSPAR Region III: Celtic Seas	The Celtic Seas region contains wide variations in coastal topography, from fjordic sea lochs, to sand dunes, bays, estuaries and numerous sandy beaches. The large range of habitats in the region supports a diverse fish fauna. Although traditional maritime activities, such as fishing, take place in the Celtic Seas, there is ongoing development of tourism.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	4 December 2019 14:49:34
OSPARRegionIVBayOfBiscayAndIberianCoast	OSPAR Region IV: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast	The bottom topography of Region IV and coastlines are highly diversified, including the continental shelf and slope and parts of the abyssal plain. Ecosystems in Region IV are very rich, support a rich fish fauna and have a particular importance for migratory birds. Main human activities in Region IV are fishing, maritime transport and tourism.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	4 December 2019 14:50:51
OSPARRegionVWiderAtlantic	OSPAR Region V: Wider Atlantic	Region V represents the deep waters of the North-East Atlantic extending across the abyssal plain and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and including many seamounts. There have been recent discoveries of a number of different fragile deep-sea habitats (such as hydrothermal vents, carbonate mounds, coral gardens and sponge communities). Human population in the region is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. The main human activities are fishing and maritime transport.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	4 December 2019 14:54:29
Occurrence	Occurrence	Terms used to describe 'Occurrence' of species.	Introduced Species Catalog	6 May 2015 13:37:34
Occurrence Not specified	Occurrence Not specified	Species which may be listed as alien or introduced but whose occurrence has not been specified.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:51:07
Of concern	Of concern	Species that are demonstrating aggressive spread and there is concern about its spread OR species where some concern has been recorded- this may be due to known records of its invasiveness and impacts in other areas of their known introduced range.	Invasiveness	6 May 2015 11:53:03
Origin	Origin	Terms used to describe the 'Origin' of species.	Introduced Species Catalog	15 September 2015 14:53:03
Origin uncertain	Origin uncertain	Species whose biological status is uncertain i.e. it is uncertain if the species is native or alien to the location.	Origin	15 September 2015 14:52:27
Origin unknown	Origin unknown	Species whose origins cannot be verified OR a species whose origin has not been specified in the source information.	Origin	15 September 2015 14:52:11
Other impact - undefined or uncertain	Other impact - undefined or uncertain	Where the species has a known but undefined or uncertain impact.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:53:23
Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space	Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space	Where the species dominates or outcompetes native species for resources and/or space.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:53:39
Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite	Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite	Where the species is a pathogen/parasite of native species or carrier of a pathogen/parasite which infects/parasitizes native species.	Impact	6 May 2015 11:54:00
Pathway/vector Other	Pathway/vector Other	In cases where pathway/vector is not specified/ cases of novel pathways/vectors.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:54:15
Pathway/vector Unknown	Pathway/vector Unknown	Unknown mechanisms of introduction were represented by a blank cell.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:54:36
Pathways/vector	Pathways/vector	One of the most important types of information in the practical approach to prevention and management of biological invasions is the identity of the pathways of introduction and details of vectors. These are necessary for the prevention of introduction of potentially invasive species and also for the containment of further spread of established invasions. Information on pathways and vectors of introduction of alien species has been recorded for the listed species where information was available. Descriptive terms describing pathways and vectors were standardized and listed as a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005).	Introduced Species Catalog	6 May 2015 12:09:57
PlanktonBiomassAndOrAbundance	Plankton biomass and/or abundance (PH2)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:43:08
Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations	Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations	This refers to invasive plant species which are unintentionally introduced into a new area/region carried on or with the habitat material of some intentionally planted flora.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:54:51
Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species	Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species	This refers to plant species which are planted intentionally for some purpose resulting in the introduction of an invasive plant into a new area/region (e.g. for erosion control).	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:55:50
Present/controlled	Present/controlled	Species that are known to be present in their introduced range and are subject to some control option.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:56:06
ProportionOfLargeFish	Proportion of large fish (Large Fish Index) (FC2)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:01:38
Rare	Rare	A species which is present at low or relatively low densities; used to describe single occurrences of the species where appropriate.	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:56:55
Rare to common	Rare to common	A species which is found in relatively low to moderate densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:57:13
Rare to dominant	Rare to dominant	A species which is fluctuates between relatively low to high densities (accounts for such phenomena as population explosions).	Abundance	6 May 2015 11:57:37
Recorded in error	Recorded in error	Species that have reported or recorded in error.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:57:51
RecoveryInThePopulationAbundanceOfSensitiveFishSpecies	Recovery in the population abundance of sensitive fish species (FC1)	Common in OSPAR Region II, III	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 11:14:41
Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment	Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment	Where the movement of recreational equipment by humans results in the introduction of an invasive species into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:58:05
Reported	Reported	Species that are 'reported' to be present but with no further information.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 11:59:04
Scientific research: accidental release with research activities	Scientific research: accidental release with research activities	Where research activities result in the unintentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:59:18
Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities	Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities	Where research activities result in the intentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:59:33
SealAbundanceAndDistribution	Seal Abundance and Distribution (M3)	Common in OSPAR Region II	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 10:52:33
Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the surface of a seaplane.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 11:59:49
Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the hull of a ship.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 12:00:05
Ships: accidental associated with cargo	Ships: accidental associated with cargo	This refers to invasive species which are associated with internal ship cargo.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 12:00:19
Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins	Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins	This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a fluid nature.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 12:00:36
Ships: accidental with solid ballast	Ships: accidental with solid ballast	This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a solid nature.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 12:01:18
Ships: general	Ships: general	This accounts for an invasive species which has been vectored by a ship but the exact mechanism of action (ie: ballast, hull or cargo) has been unidentified in the literature.	Pathways/vector	6 May 2015 12:01:34
SizeCompositionInFishCommunities	Size composition in fish communities (FW3)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:50:34
Sometimes present	Sometimes present	Species that are reported as present but only 'sometimes'.	Occurrence	6 May 2015 12:01:48
Source country and/or sea area	Source country and/or sea area	Country or sea area which is the known source area of the introduced species or population. The source area could be the native range of the species or a known introduced range.	Location Type	2 June 2015 17:09:37
Species Importance To Society	Species' Importance to Society		Marine species traits	6 May 2015 12:12:27
TrendsInNewRecordsOfNonIndigenousSpeciesIntroducedByHumanActivities	Trends in New Records of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) Introduced by Human Activities (NIS)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:47:49
TypicalSpeciesComposition	Typical species composition (BH1)	Common in OSPAR Region IV	OSPARCommonIndicators	5 December 2019 12:06:34
Vulnerable	Vulnerable (VU)	A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.	IUCNRedList	4 December 2019 14:24:52
Water abstraction or nuisance fouling	Water abstraction or nuisance fouling	Where the species alters water levels or causes nuisance fouling on boats/water structures.	Impact	6 May 2015 12:02:39

references

wikipagename	Reference
AbundanceAndDistributionOfMarineMammals	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
AlternationOfGenerations	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
AmorphousCaCO3	Neuendorf, K. K. E.; Mehl, J. P.; Jackson, J. A. (2005) Glossary of Geology (Fifth Edition). Alexandria, Virginia, USA; American Geological Institute.
Amphiblastula	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
Anisogamous	Bold, H.C., 1977. The Plant Kingdom (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
ApomicticParthenogenesis	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Aragonite	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
Arrhenotoky	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
AscidianTadpole	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AsexualReproduction	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I., 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Auricularia	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AutomicticParthenogenesis	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
BiogenicReef	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
Bipinnaria	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing. Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BirdsDirective	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
BirdsDirectiveAnnex1	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
BirdsDirectiveAnnex2	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
BirdsDirectiveAnnex3	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
BirdsDirectiveAnnex4	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
BirdsDirectiveAnnex5	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
Bivoltine	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Brachioloaria	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing. Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Budding	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
CITES	https://www.cites.org/ https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
CITESAppendixI	https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
CITESAppendixII	https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
CITESAppendixIII	https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
Calcite	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
Cave	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
ChangesInBiodiversityIndex	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Chitinous	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
CoarseCleanSand	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
CoarseSediments	Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
Cobbles	Hiscock, K, Jackson, A. and Lear, D. (1999). Assessing seabed species and ecosystem sensitivities: existing approaches and development, October 1999 edition.Report to the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN).Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth.
Conaria	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Copepodid	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CrevicesFissures	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
CriticallyEndangered	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
Cydippid	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing. Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cyphonautes	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
Cypris	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DataDeficient	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
DepositFeeder	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Diplontic	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Doliolaria	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing. Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Echinopluteus	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing. Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endangered	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
Ephyra	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exoskeleton	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
ExtentOfPhysicalDamageToPredominantAndSpecialHabitats	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Extinct	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
ExtinctInTheWild	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
FAOASFISSpeciesForFisheryStatisticsPurposes	http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en
FineCleanSand	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
Fission	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
ForkLength	http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=fork+length&language=english&sc=is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
GenerationTime	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Glochidium	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GoettesLarva	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
Gonochoristic	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
GravelShingle	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.] Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
GravellyMud	Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
GravellyMuddySand	Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
GravellySand	Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
GreySealPupProduction	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
HabitatsDirective	http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexI	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexII	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIII	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIV	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexV	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexVI	https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
Haplontic	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
HighMagnesiumCalcite	Smith, A. M., Key Jr., M.M, Gordon P.D. (2006) Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: Taxonomic and temporal patters. Earth-Science Reviews 78:287-306.
IUCNRedList	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
Instar	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Isogamous	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Iteroparous	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Keratinous	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
Larva	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
LeastConcern	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
Lecithotrophic	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
LifeCycle	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
MarineBirdAbundance	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
MarineBirdBreedingSuccessFailure	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
MarineMammalBycatch	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
MediumCleanSand	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
Megalopa	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metanauplius	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mitraria	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mixed	Folk R.L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. The Journal of Geology, 344-359. Long D.,2006. BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
Monoecious	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Mud	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.] Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
MudSandyMud	Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
MuddyGravel	Long D., 2006. BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
MuddySand	Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
MuddySandyGravel	Long D., 2006. BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
MullersLarva	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
Multivoltine	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Nauplius	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NearThreatened	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
Nectochaeta	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nekton	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
NotEvaluated	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
OSPARCommonIndicators	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	http://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/species-habitats/list-of-threatened-declining-species-habitats
OSPARRegionIArcticWaters	https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/i
OSPARRegionIIGreaterNorthSea	https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/ii
OSPARRegionIIICelticSeas	https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/iii
OSPARRegionIVBayOfBiscayAndIberianCoast	https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/iv
OSPARRegionVWiderAtlantic	https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/v
Oogamous	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Ophiopluteus	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organic	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
Ovoviviparous	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Parenchymella	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
Pebbles	Hiscock, K, Jackson, A. and Lear, D. (1999). Assessing seabed species and ecosystem sensitivities: existing approaches and development, October 1999 edition.Report to the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN). Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth.
Pelagosphaera	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
PermanentHermaphrodite	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Pilidium	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing. Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Plankton	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
PlanktonBiomassAndOrAbundance	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Planktotrophic	Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Planula	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ProportionOfLargeFish	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Protandrous	Holmes, S., 1979. Henderson’s dictionary of biological terms. 9th ed. London: Hendersons.
Protogynous	Holmes, S., 1979. Henderson’s dictionary of biological terms. 9th ed. London: Hendersons.
Protonymphon	Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
Protozoea	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rataria	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RecoveryInThePopulationAbundanceOfSensitiveFishSpecies	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Rockpools	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
Saltmarsh	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Sand	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.] Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
SandMuddySand	Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
SandyGravel	Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf {{{reference}}}
SandyMud	Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
SealAbundanceAndDistribution	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
SedimentSoft	Folk R.L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. The Journal of Geology, 344-359. Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.] Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
Semelparous	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Semivoltine	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
SequentialHermaphrodite	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
SexualReproduction	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
SizeCompositionInFishCommunities	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
SmallBoulders	Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
Sponginous	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
StandardLength	http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=standard+length&sc=is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
Strandline	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
SubstratumHabitat	Folk R.L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. The Journal of Geology, 344-359. Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.] Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
SupportingStructuresEnclosures	Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
TotalLength	http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=total+length&sc=is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
TrendsInNewRecordsOfNonIndigenousSpeciesIntroducedByHumanActivities	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
TypicalSpeciesComposition	https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
Univoltine	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Vegetative	Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Veliger	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Viviparous	Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
Vulnerable	IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
WidthOfDisc	http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=disk+width&language=english&sc=is
Zoea	Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Contract All Expand All

• [[Marine species traits|]]
  • [[Biological Descriptors|Biological Descriptors]]
    • [[BodySize|Body size]]
      • [[QualitativeBodySize|Qualitative body size]]
        • [[Macrobiota|Macrobiota [2.0 - 200 mm]]]
        • [[Megabiota|Megabiota [> 200 mm]]]
        • [[Meiobiota|Meiobiota [0.2 - 2.0 mm]]]
        • [[Microbiota|Microbiota [<0.2 mm]]]
      • [[QuantitativeBodySize|Quantitative body size]]
        • [[Bodylength|Body length]]
        • [[TaxonSpecificBodySize|Taxon specific body size]]
          • [[Diameter|Diameter]]
          • [[TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish|Taxon specific body size: Fish]]
            • [[ForkLength|Fork length (FL)]]
            • [[StandardLength|Standard length (SL)]]
            • [[TotalLength|Total length (TL)]]
            • [[WidthOfDisc|Width of disc (WD)]]
          • [[TaxonSpecificBodySizeMacroAlgae|Taxon specific body size: Macroalgae]]
          • [[Width|Width]]
          • [[Wingspan|Wingspan]]
    • [[Lifehistory|Life history]]
      • [[AgeAtMaturity|Age at maturity]]
      • [[BroodingBehaviour|Brooding behaviour]]
        • [[Brooding|Brooding]]
        • [[NonBrooding|Non-brooding]]
      • [[ClutchSize|Clutch size]]
      • [[DiapauseStage|Dormancy/Diapause Stage]]
        • [[AdultDiapause|Adult]]
        • [[Eggs|Eggs]]
        • [[Juveniles|Juveniles]]
        • [[NoDiapause|None]]
        • [[Seeds|Seeds (plants)]]
        • [[SpecialisedStage|Specialised stage]]
      • [[DispersalPotential|Larval or juvenile dispersal potential]]
      • [[EggClutchLocation|Egg, egg mass or clutch location]]
        • [[AdultBurrow|Adult burrow]]
        • [[BroodChamber|Brood chamber]]
        • [[CementedAttached|Cemented or attached]]
          • [[AdultBody|Adult body]]
          • [[AttachedSediment|Sediment surface]]
          • [[HardSubstrata|Rock (hard substrata)]]
          • [[Vegetation|Vegetation]]
        • [[EggSac|Egg sac]]
        • [[FreeWaterColumn|Free or water column]]
        • [[SedimentSurface|Sediment surface]]
      • [[EggPropaguleSize|Egg or propagule size]]
      • [[Fecundity|Fecundity]]
      • [[Fertilization|Fertilization]]
        • [[External|External]]
          • [[Broadcast|Broadcast]]
        • [[Internal|Internal]]
          • [[Pollination|Pollination (plants)]]
          • [[Spermcast|Spermcast]]
      • [[GameteType|Gamete type]]
        • [[Anisogamous|Anisogamous]]
        • [[Isogamous|Isogamous]]
        • [[Oogamous|Oogamous]]
      • [[GenerationTime|Generation time]]
      • [[LarvalJuvenileDevelopment|Larval and juvenile development]]
        • [[DirectDevelopment|Direct development]]
          • [[Oviparous|Oviparous]]
            • [[NoOviparousCare|No care]]
            • [[OviparousCare|Parental Care]]
          • [[Ovoviviparous|Ovoviviparous]]
          • [[Viviparous|Viviparous]]
            • [[NoViviparousCare|No care]]
            • [[ViviparousCare|Parental care]]
        • [[Lecithotrophic|Lecithotrophic]]
        • [[Planktotrophic|Planktotrophic]]
      • [[LarvalSettlement|Larval settlement period]]
      • [[LarvalStageDuration|Duration of larval stage]]
      • [[LarvalSttlementSubstratum|Larval settlement substratum]]
      • [[LifeCycle|Life cycle]]
        • [[Diplontic|Diplontic]]
        • [[HaploidDiploid|Haploid-diploid (haplodiplontic)]]
          • [[Heteromorphic|Heteromorphic]]
          • [[Isomorphic|Isomorphic]]
        • [[Haplontic|Haplontic]]
      • [[LifeSpan|Life span]]
      • [[ReproductiveFrequency|Reproductive Frequency]]
        • [[Bivoltine|Bivoltine]]
        • [[Iteroparous|Iteroparous (polytely)]]
          • [[AnnualEpisodic|Annual episodic]]
          • [[AnnualProtracted|Annual protracted]]
          • [[Biannual|<Biannual]]
          • [[BiannualEpisodic|Biannual episodic]]
          • [[BiannualProtracted|Biannual protracted]]
        • [[Multivoltine|Multivoltine]]
        • [[Semelparous|Semelparous (monotely)]]
        • [[Semivoltine|Semivoltine]]
        • [[Univoltine|Univoltine]]
      • [[ReproductiveSeason|Reproductive season]]
      • [[ReproductiveType|Reproductive type]]
        • [[AlternationOfGenerations|Alternation of generations]]
        • [[AsexualReproduction|Asexual reproduction]]
          • [[ApomicticParthenogenesis|Apomictic parthenogenesis]]
          • [[Vegetative|Vegetative reproduction]]
            • [[Budding|Budding]]
            • [[Fission|Fission]]
        • [[SexualReproduction|Sexual reproduction]]
          • [[Gonochoristic|Gonochorisitc (dioecious)]]
            • [[Arrhenotoky|Arrhenotoky]]
            • [[PseudoArrhenotoky|Pseudo-arrhenotoky]]
          • [[Monoecious|Hermaphrodite (monoecious)]]
            • [[AutomicticParthenogenesis|Automictic parthenogenesis]]
            • [[PermanentHermaphrodite|Permanent (synchronous) hermaphrodite]]
              • [[NonSelfing|Non-selfing]]
              • [[SelfFertilizing|Self-fertilizing]]
            • [[SequentialHermaphrodite|Sequential hermaphrodite]]
              • [[Protandrous|Protandrous]]
              • [[Protogynous|Protogynous]]
        • [[Sporogenesis|Sporogenesis]]
    • [[Lifestage|Life stages]]
      • [[Adult|Adult]]
      • [[Instar|Instar]]
      • [[Juvenile|Juvenile]]
      • [[Larva|Larva]]
        • [[Actinula|Actinula]]
        • [[Amphiblastula|Amphiblastula]]
        • [[AscidianTadpole|Ascidian tadpole]]
        • [[Auricularia|Auricularia]]
        • [[Bipinnaria|Bipinnaria]]
        • [[Brachioloaria|Brachiolaria]]
        • [[Conaria|Conaria]]
        • [[Copepodid|Copepodid (copepodite)]]
        • [[Coronate|Coronate]]
        • [[Cydippid|Cydippid]]
        • [[Cyphonautes|Cyphonautes]]
        • [[Cypris|Cyprid (cypris)]]
        • [[Doliolaria|Doliolaria]]
        • [[Echinopluteus|Echinopluteus]]
        • [[Ephyra|Ephyra]]
        • [[Glochidium|Glochidium]]
        • [[GoettesLarva|Goette's larva]]
        • [[Megalopa|Megalopa]]
        • [[Metanauplius|Metanauplius]]
        • [[Mitraria|Mitraria]]
        • [[MullersLarva|Muller's larva]]
        • [[Nauplius|Nauplius]]
        • [[Nectochaeta|Nectochaeta]]
        • [[Ophiopluteus|Ophiopluteus]]
        • [[Parenchymella|Parenchymella]]
        • [[Pediveliger|Pediveliger]]
        • [[Pelagosphaera|Pelagosphaera]]
        • [[Pilidium|Pilidium]]
        • [[Planula|Planula]]
        • [[Protonymphon|Protonymphon]]
        • [[Protozoea|Protozoea]]
        • [[Rataria|Rataria]]
        • [[Veliger|Veliger]]
        • [[Zoea|Zoea]]
    • [[Physiology|Physiology]]
  • [[Distribution Descriptors|Distribution Descriptors]]
    • [[Depth|Depth]]
      • [[DepthRange|Depth range]]
      • [[DepthSubstratum|Depth in substratum]]
    • [[Elevation|Elevation]]
    • [[Environment|Environment]]
      • [[Brackish|Brackish]]
      • [[Freshwater|Freshwater]]
      • [[Marine|Marine]]
      • [[Terrestrial|Terrestrial]]
    • [[Habitat|Habitat]]
      • [[EnvironmentalPosition|Environmental position]]
        • [[Demersal|Demersal]]
        • [[Endophytic|Endophytic]]
        • [[Endozoic|Endozoic]]
        • [[Epibenthic|Epibenthic]]
        • [[Epifaunal|Epifaunal]]
        • [[Epifloral|Epifloral]]
        • [[Epilithic|Epilithic]]
        • [[Epipelic|Epipelic]]
        • [[Epiphytic|Epiphytic]]
        • [[Epizooic|Epizooic]]
        • [[Hyperbenthic|Hyperbenthic]]
        • [[Infaunal|Infaunal]]
        • [[Interstitial|Interstitial]]
        • [[Lithotomous|Lithotomous]]
        • [[Nekton|Nektonic (nekton)]]
        • [[Neustonic|Neustonic]]
        • [[Plankton|Planktonic (plankton)]]
        • [[Pleustonic|Pleustonic]]
      • [[Physiography|Physiography]]
        • [[EnclosedCoast|Enclosed coast or embayment]]
        • [[Estuary|Estuary]]
        • [[Lagoon|Isolated saline water (lagoon)]]
        • [[OffshoreSeabed|Offshore seabed]]
        • [[OpenCoast|Open coast]]
        • [[RiaVoe|Ria or voe]]
        • [[SeaLoch|Sea loch (Scotland), sea lough (Ireland)]]
        • [[StraitSound|Strait or sound]]
      • [[Salinity|Salinity (regime)]]
        • [[BrackishSalinity|Brackish]]
          • [[Mesohaline|Mesohaline]]
            • [[AlphaMesohaline|Alpha-Mesohaline]]
            • [[BetaMesohaline|Beta-Mesohaline]]
          • [[Oligohaline|Oligohaline]]
            • [[AlphaOligohaline|Alpha-Oligohaline]]
            • [[BetaOligohaline|Beta-Oligohaline]]
          • [[Polyhaline|Polyhaline]]
            • [[AlphaPolyhaline|Alpha-Polyhaline]]
            • [[BetaPolyhaline|Beta-Polyhaline]]
        • [[FreshwaterSalinity|Freshwater]]
        • [[HyperSaline|Hyper-saline]]
        • [[MarineSalinity|Marine]]
          • [[AlphaHaline|Alpha-haline]]
          • [[BetaHaline|Beta-Haline]]
      • [[SubstratumHabitat|Substratum]]
        • [[FeaturesOther|Features or other substratum]]
          • [[BiogenicReef|Biogenic reef]]
          • [[BurrowDweller|Burrow dweller]]
          • [[Cave|Cave]]
          • [[CrevicesFissures|Crevices and fissures]]
          • [[Macroalgae|Macroalgae]]
          • [[Maerl|Maerl]]
          • [[OtherSpecies|Other species]]
          • [[Overhangs|Overhang]]
          • [[Rockpools|Rockpool]]
          • [[Saltmarsh|Salt marsh]]
          • [[Seagrass|Seagrass]]
          • [[Strandline|Strand-line]]
          • [[UnderBoulders|Under boulders]]
        • [[Hard|Hard]]
          • [[HardImmobile|Immobile hard]]
            • [[Artificial|Artificial (man-made)]]
            • [[Bedrock|Bedrock]]
            • [[LargeBoulders|Large or very large boulders]]
            • [[SmallBoulders|Small boulders]]
          • [[HardMobile|Mobile hard]]
            • [[Cobbles|Cobbles]]
            • [[Pebbles|Pebbles]]
        • [[SedimentSoft|Soft (sediment)]]
          • [[Clay|Clay]]
          • [[CoarseSediments|Coarse sediments]]
            • [[GravelShingle|Gravel or shingle]]
            • [[GravellySand|Gravelly sand]]
            • [[SandyGravel|Sandy gravel]]
          • [[Mixed|Mixed]]
            • [[GravellyMud|Gravelly mud]]
            • [[GravellyMuddySand|Gravelly muddy sand]]
            • [[MuddyGravel|Muddy gravel]]
            • [[MuddySandyGravel|Muddy sandy gravel]]
          • [[MudSandyMud|Mud and sandy mud]]
            • [[Mud|Mud]]
            • [[MuddySand|Muddy sand]]
            • [[SandyMud|Sandy mud]]
          • [[SandMuddySand|Sand and muddy sand]]
            • [[Sand|Sand]]
              • [[CoarseCleanSand|Coarse clean sand]]
              • [[FineCleanSand|Fine clean sand]]
              • [[MediumCleanSand|Medium clean sand]]
      • [[TidalStrength|Tidal streams and water flow (range)]]
        • [[ModeratelyStrong|Moderately strong]]
        • [[Strong|Strong]]
        • [[VeryStrong|Very strong]]
        • [[VeryWeak|Very weak]]
        • [[Weak|Weak]]
      • [[Tolerance|Tolerance]]
        • [[TypeI|Type I]]
        • [[TypeII|Type II]]
        • [[TypeIII|Type III]]
        • [[TypeIV|Type IV]]
        • [[TypeV|Type V]]
      • [[WaveExposure|Wave exposure]]
        • [[WaveExposed|Wave exposed]]
          • [[Exposed|Exposed]]
          • [[ExtremelyExposed|Extremely exposed]]
          • [[ModeratelyExposed|Moderately exposed]]
          • [[VeryExposed|Very exposed]]
        • [[WaveSheltered|Wave sheltered]]
          • [[ExtremelySheltered|Extremely sheltered]]
          • [[Sheltered|Sheltered]]
          • [[UltraSheltered|Ultra sheltered]]
          • [[VerySheltered|Very sheltered]]
    • [[HabitatPreferences|Habitat Preferences]]
    • [[Province|Province]]
      • [[Neritic|Neritic]]
      • [[Oceanic|Oceanic]]
    • [[VerticalBiologicalZone|Vertical biological zone (or zonation)]]
      • [[AnchialineCaves|Anchialine caves]]
      • [[Benthic|Benthic]]
        • [[Abyssobenthic|Abyssobenthic (Abyssal)]]
        • [[Bathybenthic|Bathybenthic (Bathyal)]]
        • [[Eulittoral|Littoral]]
          • [[LowerLittoral|Lower littoral]]
          • [[LowerLittoralFringe|Lower littoral fringe]]
          • [[MidEulittoral|Mid littoral]]
          • [[UpperEulittoral|Upper littoral]]
          • [[UpperLittoralFringe|Upper littoral fringe]]
        • [[Hadobenthic|Hadobenthic (Hadal)]]
        • [[Sublittoral|Sublittoral]]
          • [[Circalittoral|Circalittoral]]
            • [[LowerCircalittoral|Lower circalittoral]]
            • [[UpperCircalittoral|Upper circalittoral]]
          • [[CircalittoralOffshore|Circalittoral offshore]]
          • [[Infralittoral|Infralittoral]]
            • [[LowerInfralittoral|Lower infralittoral]]
            • [[UpperInfralittoral|Upper infralittoral]]
        • [[SublittoralFringe|Sublittoral fringe]]
        • [[Supralittoral|Supralittoral]]
          • [[SplashZone|Splash zone]]
          • [[SprayZone|Spray Zone]]
      • [[IceAssociated|Ice-Associated]]
        • [[SeaIce|Sea ice]]
        • [[UnderIce|Under ice]]
      • [[Pelagic|Pelagic]]
        • [[Abyssopelagic|Abyssopelagic (2500-6000 m)]]
        • [[Bathylpelagic|Bathylpelagic (1000-2500 m)]]
        • [[Benthopelagic|Benthopelagic]]
        • [[Epipelagic|Epipelagic (0-200 m)]]
        • [[Hadopelagic|Hadopelagic (>6000 m)]]
        • [[Mesopelagic|Mesopelagic (200-1000 m)]]
  • [[Ecological Descriptors|Ecological Descriptors]]
    • [[BodyForm|Body form]]
      • [[BodyShape|Body shape]]
        • [[AnchorShaped|Anchor-shaped]]
        • [[Articulate|Articulate]]
        • [[Bivalved|Bivalved]]
        • [[BodyAccretion|Accretion]]
        • [[BodyAlgalGravel|Algal gravel]]
        • [[BullateSaccate|Bullate/Saccate]]
        • [[CapitateClubbed|Capitate/Clubbed]]
        • [[Chains|Chains]]
        • [[Clathrate|Clathrate]]
        • [[ConeHalfSphere|Cone with half sphere]]
        • [[Conical|Cone (Conical)]]
        • [[Cylindrical|Cylindrical]]
        • [[Dendroid|Dendroid]]
        • [[Digitate|Digitate]]
        • [[DoubleCone|Double cone]]
        • [[Encrusting|Encrusting]]
          • [[CrustoseHard|Crustose hard]]
          • [[CrustoseSoft|Crustose soft]]
          • [[Cushion|Cushion]]
          • [[Mat|Mat]]
        • [[Erect|Erect]]
          • [[ArborescentArbuscular|Arborescent/Arbuscular]]
          • [[Forest|Forest]]
          • [[Shrub|Shrub]]
          • [[Turf|Turf]]
        • [[FaunalBeds|Faunal beds]]
        • [[Filiform|Filiform]]
        • [[Flabellate|Flabellate]]
        • [[Flaccid|Flaccid]]
        • [[FlattenedEllipsoid|Flattened Ellipsoid]]
        • [[Foliose|Foliose]]
        • [[FunnelShaped|Funnel Shaped]]
        • [[Globose|Globose]]
        • [[HalfCone|Half cone]]
        • [[HalfConeFlattenedEllipsoid|Half cone with flattened ellipsoid]]
        • [[HalfParallelepiped|Half parallelepiped]]
        • [[HalfSphereDome|Half sphere (dome)]]
        • [[Lanceolate|Lanceolate]]
        • [[Massive|Massive]]
        • [[Medusiform|Medusiform/Medusoid]]
        • [[Monoraphidioid|Monoraphidioid]]
        • [[OvalCylinder|Oval cylinder]]
        • [[ParallelepipedRhomboid|Parallelepiped (rhomboid)]]
        • [[Penicillate|Penicillate]]
        • [[Pinnate|Pinnate]]
        • [[Pisciform|Pisciform]]
        • [[Radial|Radial]]
        • [[Reticulate|Reticulate]]
        • [[RotationalEllipsoid|Rotational ellipsoid]]
        • [[Sphere|Sphere (spherical)]]
        • [[Stacks|Stacks]]
        • [[Stellate|Stellate]]
        • [[Straplike|Straplike/Ribbonlike]]
        • [[Tadpole|Tadpole]]
        • [[Trapezoid|Trapezoid/Trapezium]]
        • [[TruncatedCone|Truncated cone]]
        • [[Turbinate|Turbinate]]
        • [[Vermiform|Vermiform]]
          • [[VermiformAnnulated|Vermiform annulated]]
          • [[VermiformSegmented|Vermiform segmented]]
          • [[VermiformUnsegmented|Vermiform Unsegmented]]
        • [[Whiplike|Whiplike]]
      • [[Flexibility|Flexibility]]
      • [[Fragility|Fragility]]
        • [[Fragile|Fragile]]
        • [[Intermediary|Intermediary]]
        • [[Robust|Robust]]
      • [[GrowthForm|Growth form (or type)]]
      • [[HeightAboveSubstratum|Height (above substratum)]]
      • [[SupportingStructuresEnclosures|Supporting Structures and Enclosures]]
        • [[Endoskeleton|Endoskeleton]]
          • [[NonSolidCement|Non-solid; cement]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Organic|Organic]]
          • [[NonSolidParticlesComp|Non-solid; particles]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Variable|Variable]]
          • [[Solid|Solid]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Chitinous|Chitinous]]
            • [[Gorgonin|Gorgonin]]
            • [[Keratinous|Keratinous]]
            • [[Phosphatic|Phosphatic]]
            • [[Siliceous|Siliceous]]
            • [[Sponginous|Sponginous]]
        • [[Exoskeleton|Exoskeleton (including shells)]]
          • [[NonSolidCement|Non-solid; cement]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Organic|Organic]]
          • [[NonSolidParticlesComp|Non-solid; particles]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Variable|Variable]]
          • [[Solid|Solid]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Chitinous|Chitinous]]
            • [[Gorgonin|Gorgonin]]
            • [[Keratinous|Keratinous]]
            • [[Phosphatic|Phosphatic]]
            • [[Siliceous|Siliceous]]
            • [[Sponginous|Sponginous]]
        • [[ExternalTube|External Tube]]
          • [[NonSolidCement|Non-solid; cement]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Organic|Organic]]
          • [[NonSolidParticlesComp|Non-solid; particles]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Variable|Variable]]
          • [[Solid|Solid]]
            • [[CalcareousSkeleton|Calcareous]]
              • [[AmorphousCaCO3|Amorphous CaCO3]]
              • [[Aragonite|Aragonite]]
              • [[Calcite|Calcite]]
              • [[HighMagnesiumCalcite|High Magnesium Calcite]]
              • [[MixedCalcareousMaterial|Mixed Calcareous Material]]
            • [[Chitinous|Chitinous]]
            • [[Gorgonin|Gorgonin]]
            • [[Keratinous|Keratinous]]
            • [[Phosphatic|Phosphatic]]
            • [[Siliceous|Siliceous]]
            • [[Sponginous|Sponginous]]
        • [[Hydrostatic|Hydrostatic skeleton]]
    • [[EcologicalInteraction|Ecological Interaction]]
      • [[HabitatModification|Habitat modification]]
        • [[Biogenic|Bio-genic]]
          • [[BedForming|Bed forming]]
            • [[AlgalGravel|Algal gravel]]
            • [[CoralSands|Coral (or similar) sands]]
          • [[ForestForming|Forest-forming]]
          • [[ReefBuilding|Reef-building]]
            • [[Accretion|Accretion]]
            • [[Aggregations|Aggregations]]
            • [[Calcareous|Calcareous]]
        • [[BurrowBuilder|Burrow builder]]
        • [[FreeLiving|Free living]]
        • [[SedimentReworking|Sediment reworking]]
          • [[Biodiffusor|Biodiffusor]]
          • [[BlindEndedVentilation|Blind-ended ventilation]]
          • [[DownwardConveyor|Downward conveyor]]
          • [[OpenEndedVentilation|Open-ended ventilation]]
          • [[Regenerator|Regenerator]]
          • [[UpwardsConveyor|Upward conveyor]]
        • [[Tubicolous|Tube dwelling (tubicolous)]]
    • [[Ecophysiology|Ecophysiology]]
      • [[DeOxygenationTolerance|De-Oxygenation Tolerance]]
      • [[GrowthRate|Growth Rate]]
      • [[PhotosyntheticPigment|Photosynthetic pigment(s)]]
      • [[TempRange|Temperature range tolerated]]
    • [[Feeding|Feeding]]
      • [[FeedingApparatus|Feeding apparatus]]
        • [[AristolesLantern|Aristotle's lantern]]
        • [[ArmsAppendages|Arms or appendages]]
          • [[GraspingClaws|Grasping claws]]
          • [[GraspingPaws|Grasping paws, hands, feet]]
            • [[Clawed|Clawed]]
            • [[Talons|Talons]]
          • [[Papillae|Papillae or tube feet]]
          • [[Setose|Setose (Hairy)]]
          • [[Suctorial|Suctorial (sucker bearing)]]
        • [[Captacula|Captacula]]
        • [[CephalicSpines|Cephalic spines]]
        • [[Choanocytes|Choanocytes]]
        • [[EversiblePharynx|Eversible pharynx]]
          • [[BuccalOrgansAbsent|Buccal organ absent or occluded]]
          • [[MuscularAxialProboscis|Muscular axial proboscis]]
          • [[SimpleAxialProboscis|Simple axial proboscis]]
          • [[VentralBuccalOrgan|Ventral buccal organ]]
          • [[VentralMuscularProboscis|Ventral muscular proboscis]]
        • [[Gills|Gills]]
          • [[Ctenidia|Ctenidia]]
          • [[FilerBasket|Filter basket]]
          • [[GillRakers|Gill rakers]]
        • [[InhalentSiphon|Inhalent siphon]]
        • [[Introvert|Introvert]]
        • [[Lophophore|Lophophore]]
        • [[MouthParts|Mouth parts]]
          • [[Beak|Beak]]
          • [[BitingMacerating|Biting or macerating]]
          • [[BitingPiercing|Piercing or suctorial]]
        • [[MucusMesh|Mucus mesh or net]]
        • [[Phagocytosis|Phagocytosis]]
        • [[Radulae|Radulae]]
          • [[PiercingToxic|Piercing]]
          • [[Rasping|Rasping]]
        • [[Tentacles|Tentacles]]
          • [[AccessoryFeedingStructures|Accessory feeding structures]]
          • [[Grasping|Grasping]]
          • [[OralPodia|Oral podia]]
          • [[Palps|Palps]]
          • [[PinnateBranching|Pinnate or branching]]
          • [[StickyMucus|Sticky or mucus covered]]
          • [[Stinging|Stinging]]
      • [[FeedingMethodBehaviour|Feeding Method/Behaviour]]
        • [[DepositFeeder|Deposit Feeder]]
          • [[SubsurfaceDepositFeeder|Sub-surface deposit feeder]]
          • [[SurfaceDepositFeeder|Surface deposit feeder]]
        • [[GrazerBrowser|Grazer/Browser]]
          • [[Browser|Browser]]
          • [[Grazer|Grazer]]
            • [[GrazerFrondsBlades|Grazer (fronds/blades)]]
            • [[GrazerGrainsParticles|Grazer (grains / particles)]]
            • [[GrazerSurfaceSubstratum|Grazer (surface/substratum)]]
        • [[Kleptoparasitism|Kleptoparasitism]]
        • [[Nonfeeding|Non-Feeding]]
        • [[ParasiticFeeding|Parasitic]]
        • [[Parasitoid|Parasitoid]]
        • [[Predator|Predator (Hunter)]]
          • [[Ambusher|Ambusher]]
            • [[Pouncing|Pouncing]]
              • [[Lures|Lures]]
            • [[Snatching|Snatching]]
            • [[StunAttack|Stun attack]]
            • [[Traps|Traps]]
          • [[PursuitHunterCooperative|Pursuit hunter (co-operative)]]
            • [[Dipping|Dipping]]
              • [[AerialDipping|Aerial dipping]]
              • [[ContactDipping|Contact dipping]]
              • [[DippingToSurface|Dipping to surface]]
              • [[HoverDipping|Hover dipping]]
              • [[SurfaceDipping|Surface dipping]]
            • [[Diving|Diving]]
              • [[PursuitDiving|Pursuit Diving]]
              • [[SurfaceDiving|Surface Diving]]
            • [[DrivingFishForward|Driving Fish Forward]]
            • [[FoodPiracy|Food Piracy]]
            • [[Hawking|Hawking]]
              • [[AerialHawking|Aerial hawking]]
            • [[Hovering|Hovering]]
            • [[Plunging|Plunging]]
              • [[PlungeDiving|Plunge Diving]]
              • [[PursuitPlunging|Pursuit Plunging]]
              • [[ShallowPlunging|Shallow plunging]]
              • [[SurfacePlunging|Surface plunging]]
            • [[Seizing|Seizing]]
              • [[SubsurfaceSeizing|Subsurface seizing]]
              • [[SurfaceSeizing|Surface seizing]]
              • [[UnderwaterSeizing|Underwater seizing]]
          • [[PursuitHunterIndividual|Pursuit Hunter (individual)]]
          • [[SearcherForager|Searcher/Forager]]
            • [[Cruising|Cruising]]
            • [[Dabbling|Dabbling]]
            • [[Floating|Floating]]
            • [[FollowingFishingBoats|Following Fishing Boats]]
            • [[FootPaddling|Foot Paddling]]
            • [[FootStirring|Foot Stirring]]
            • [[GroundForaging|Ground Foraging]]
            • [[Pattering|Pattering]]
            • [[PickingfromWaterSurface|Picking from the water surface]]
            • [[Probing|Probing]]
            • [[Skimming|Skimming]]
            • [[Swimming|Swimming]]
              • [[UnderwaterSwimming|Underwater swimming]]
            • [[WadinginShallowWater|Wading in shallow water]]
        • [[Scavenger|Scavenger]]
        • [[SuspensionFeeder|Suspension feeder]]
          • [[Passive|Passive]]
      • [[FoodTypeDiet|Food Type/Diet]]
        • [[Autotroph|Autotroph]]
          • [[Chemoautotroph|Chemoautotroph]]
          • [[Photoautotroph|Photoautotroph]]
        • [[Heterotroph|Heterotroph]]
          • [[Carnivore|Carnivore]]
          • [[Detritivore|Detritivore]]
          • [[Herbivore|Herbivore]]
          • [[Omnivore|Omnivore]]
          • [[Saprophage|Saprophage]]
          • [[SymbiontContribution|Symbiont contribution]]
        • [[Mixotroph|Mixotroph]]
    • [[ModeOfLife|Mode of Life]]
      • [[Dependancy|Dependency]]
        • [[Independant (Free living)|Independant (free living)]]
        • [[Parasite|Parasitic]]
          • [[Ectoparasitic|Ectoparasitic]]
          • [[Endoparasitic|Endoparasitic]]
        • [[Symbiotic|Symbiotic]]
          • [[Commensal (with/on/in)|Commensal (with/on/in)]]
          • [[Inquilinist|Inquilinist]]
          • [[MutualistMutualism|Mutualist (mutualism)]]
      • [[Sociability|Sociability]]
        • [[Gregarious|Gregarious]]
          • [[Colonial (e.g. sea birds)|Colonial (e.g. sea birds)]]
        • [[SocialGroup|Social group]]
          • [[LargeInsectColonies|Large (insect colonies)]]
          • [[SmallTribePridePackPod|Small (tribe/pride/pack/pod)]]
        • [[Solitary|Solitary]]
          • [[NonTerritorial|Non-Territorial]]
          • [[Territorial|Territorial]]
      • [[Support|Support]]
        • [[Host|Host]]
        • [[Substratum|Substratum]]
    • [[Movement|Movement]]
      • [[DispersalPotentialAdult|Dispersal potential (adult)]]
      • [[Migratory|Migration (migratory)]]
        • [[Diel|Diel]]
        • [[NonMigratoryResident|Non-migratory (resident)]]
        • [[OntogeneticMigration|Ontogenetic migration]]
        • [[SeasonalEnvironment|Seasonal (environment)]]
        • [[SeasonalFeeding|Seasonal (feeding)]]
        • [[SeasonalReproduction|Seasonal (reproduction)]]
      • [[Mobility|Mobility]]
        • [[Mobile|Mobile]]
          • [[Burrower|Burrower]]
          • [[CrawlerWalkerClimber|Crawler/Walker/Climber]]
          • [[Creeper|Creeper]]
          • [[Drifter|Drifter]]
            • [[BallooningKiting|Ballooning/Kiting]]
            • [[Bysso-Pelagic|Bysso-pelagic]]
            • [[Other|Other]]
            • [[PassiveDrifter|Passive drifter]]
          • [[FlyerFlight|Flyer (Flight)]]
          • [[Glider|Glider]]
          • [[Jumper/Hopper|Jumper/Hopper]]
          • [[Swimmer|Swimmer]]
            • [[AppendagesPaddles|Appendages (paddles)]]
            • [[CiliaFlagella|Cilia/Flagella]]
            • [[JetPropulsion|Jet propulsion]]
            • [[Muscular Contraction (body length)|Muscular contraction (body length)]]
          • [[TemporaryAttachment|Temporary attachment]]
        • [[Sessile|Sessile]]
  • [[Species Importance To Society|Species' Importance to Society]]
    • [[BirdsDirective|Birds Directive]]
      • [[BirdsDirectiveAnnex1|Birds Directive Annex 1]]
      • [[BirdsDirectiveAnnex2|Birds Directive Annex 2]]
      • [[BirdsDirectiveAnnex3|Birds Directive Annex 3]]
      • [[BirdsDirectiveAnnex4|Birds Directive Annex 4]]
      • [[BirdsDirectiveAnnex5|Birds Directive Annex 5]]
    • [[CITES|CITES]]
      • [[CITESAppendixI|CITES Appendix I]]
      • [[CITESAppendixII|CITES Appendix II]]
      • [[CITESAppendixIII|CITES Appendix III]]
    • [[FAOASFISSpeciesForFisheryStatisticsPurposes|FAO-ASFIS: Species for Fishery Statistics Purposes]]
    • [[HabitatsDirective|Habitats Directive]]
      • [[HabitatsDirectiveAnnexI|Habitats Directive Annex I]]
      • [[HabitatsDirectiveAnnexII|Habitats Directive Annex II]]
      • [[HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIII|Habitats Directive Annex III]]
      • [[HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIV|Habitats Directive Annex IV]]
      • [[HabitatsDirectiveAnnexV|Habitats Directive Annex V]]
      • [[HabitatsDirectiveAnnexVI|Habitats Directive Annex VI]]
    • [[IUCNRedList|IUCN Red List]]
      • [[CriticallyEndangered|Critically Endangered (CR)]]
      • [[DataDeficient|Data Deficient (DD)]]
      • [[Endangered|Endangered (EN)]]
      • [[Extinct|Extinct (EX)]]
      • [[ExtinctInTheWild|Extinct in the Wild (EW)]]
      • [[LeastConcern|Least Concern (LC)]]
      • [[NearThreatened|Near Threatened (NT)]]
      • [[NotEvaluated|Not Evaluated (NE)]]
      • [[Vulnerable|Vulnerable (VU)]]
    • [[Introduced Species Catalog|Introduced Species Catalog]]
      • [[Abundance|Abundance]]
        • [[Common|Common]]
        • [[Common to dominant|Common to dominant]]
        • [[Dominant|Dominant]]
        • [[Fluctuating|Fluctuating]]
        • [[Locally common|Locally common]]
        • [[Monoculture|Monoculture]]
        • [[Rare|Rare]]
        • [[Rare to common|Rare to common]]
        • [[Rare to dominant|Rare to dominant]]
      • [[Impact|Impact]]
        • [[Adverse habitat modification|Adverse habitat modification]]
        • [[Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles|Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles]]
        • [[Alters trophic interactions|Alters trophic interactions]]
        • [[Aquatic transport|Aquatic transport]]
        • [[Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)|Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)]]
        • [[Damage to marine structures or archaeology|Damage to marine structures or archaeology]]
        • [[Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression|Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression]]
        • [[Human health|Human health]]
        • [[Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses|Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses]]
        • [[Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain|Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain]]
        • [[Loss of public/tourist amenity|Loss of public/tourist amenity]]
        • [[Other impact - undefined or uncertain|Other impact - undefined or uncertain]]
        • [[Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space|Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space]]
        • [[Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite|Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite]]
        • [[Water abstraction or nuisance fouling|Water abstraction or nuisance fouling]]
      • [[Invasiveness|Invasiveness]]
        • [[Invasive|Invasive]]
        • [[Invasiveness Not specified|Invasiveness Not specified]]
        • [[Invasiveness Uncertain|Invasiveness Uncertain]]
        • [[Management recorded|Management recorded]]
        • [[Not invasive|Not invasive]]
        • [[Of concern|Of concern]]
      • [[Location Type|Location Type]]
        • [[Introduced country and/or sea area|Introduced country and/or sea area]]
        • [[Native country and/or native sea area|Native country and/or native sea area]]
        • [[Source country and/or sea area|Source country and/or sea area]]
      • [[Occurrence|Occurrence]]
        • [[Absent|Absent]]
        • [[Border Intercept|Border Intercept]]
        • [[Detected in invasion pathway|Detected in invasion pathway]]
        • [[Detected in the wild|Detected in the wild]]
        • [[Eradicated|Eradicated]]
        • [[Eradication unconfirmed|Eradication unconfirmed]]
        • [[Established|Established]]
        • [[Established and expanding|Established and expanding]]
        • [[Established and stable|Established and stable]]
        • [[Extirpated|Extirpated]]
        • [[In captivity/cultivated|In captivity/cultivated]]
        • [[Introduction unverified|Introduction unverified]]
        • [[Occurrence Not specified|Occurrence Not specified]]
        • [[Present/controlled|Present/controlled]]
        • [[Recorded in error|Recorded in error]]
        • [[Reported|Reported]]
        • [[Sometimes present|Sometimes present]]
      • [[Origin|Origin]]
        • [[Alien|Alien]]
        • [[Native|Native]]
        • [[Native - Endemic|Native - Endemic]]
        • [[Native - Non-endemic|Native - Non-endemic]]
        • [[Origin uncertain|Origin uncertain]]
        • [[Origin unknown|Origin unknown]]
      • [[Pathways/vector|Pathways/vector]]
        • [[Aquaculture: accidental|Aquaculture: accidental]]
        • [[Aquaculture: deliberate|Traits:Pathways/vector]]
        • [[Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release|Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release]]
        • [[Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent|Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent]]
        • [[Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals|Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals]]
        • [[Debris: transport of species on human generated debris|Debris: transport of species on human generated debris]]
        • [[Fisheries: accidental as bait|Fisheries: accidental as bait]]
        • [[Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish|Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish]]
        • [[Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate|Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate]]
        • [[Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery|Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery]]
        • [[Individual release: accidental release by individuals|Individual release: accidental release by individuals]]
        • [[Individual release: deliberate release by individuals|Individual release: deliberate release by individuals]]
        • [[Natural dispersal|Natural dispersal]]
        • [[Pathway/vector Other|Pathway/vector Other]]
        • [[Pathway/vector Unknown|Pathway/vector Unknown]]
        • [[Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations|Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations]]
        • [[Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species|Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species]]
        • [[Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment|Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment]]
        • [[Scientific research: accidental release with research activities|Scientific research: accidental release with research activities]]
        • [[Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities|Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities]]
        • [[Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms|Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms]]
        • [[Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms|Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms]]
        • [[Ships: accidental associated with cargo|Ships: accidental associated with cargo]]
        • [[Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins|Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins]]
        • [[Ships: accidental with solid ballast|Ships: accidental with solid ballast]]
        • [[Ships: general|Ships: general]]
    • [[MSFDIndicators|MSFD Indicators]]
    • [[OSPARCommonIndicators|OSPAR Biodiversity Common Indicators]]
      • [[AbundanceAndDistributionOfMarineMammals|Abundance and Distribution of marine mammals (M4)]]
      • [[ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay|Change in average trophic level of marine predators in the Bay of Biscay (FW4)]]
      • [[ChangesInBiodiversityIndex|Changes in biodiversity index(s) (PH3)]]
      • [[ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio|Changes in plankton functional types (life form) index Ratio (PH1/FW5)]]
      • [[ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities|Condition of Benthic Habitat Communities (BH2)]]
      • [[ExtentOfPhysicalDamageToPredominantAndSpecialHabitats|Extent of Physical Damage to Predominant and Special Habitats (BH3)]]
      • [[GreySealPupProduction|Grey seal pup production (M5)]]
      • [[MarineBirdAbundance|Marine bird abundance (B1)]]
      • [[MarineBirdBreedingSuccessFailure|Marine Bird Breeding Success / Failure (B3)]]
      • [[MarineMammalBycatch|Marine mammal bycatch (M6)]]
      • [[PlanktonBiomassAndOrAbundance|Plankton biomass and/or abundance (PH2)]]
      • [[ProportionOfLargeFish|Proportion of large fish (Large Fish Index) (FC2)]]
      • [[RecoveryInThePopulationAbundanceOfSensitiveFishSpecies|Recovery in the population abundance of sensitive fish species (FC1)]]
      • [[SealAbundanceAndDistribution|Seal Abundance and Distribution (M3)]]
      • [[SizeCompositionInFishCommunities|Size composition in fish communities (FW3)]]
      • [[TrendsInNewRecordsOfNonIndigenousSpeciesIntroducedByHumanActivities|Trends in New Records of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) Introduced by Human Activities (NIS)]]
      • [[TypicalSpeciesComposition|Typical species composition (BH1)]]
    • [[OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats|OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats]]
      • [[OSPARRegionIArcticWaters|OSPAR Region I: Arctic Waters]]
      • [[OSPARRegionIIGreaterNorthSea|OSPAR Region II: Greater North Sea]]
      • [[OSPARRegionIIICelticSeas|OSPAR Region III: Celtic Seas]]
      • [[OSPARRegionIVBayOfBiscayAndIberianCoast|OSPAR Region IV: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast]]
      • [[OSPARRegionVWiderAtlantic|OSPAR Region V: Wider Atlantic]]