Baltic Sea

Local environment

Definition and basic facts

Figure 1:Baltic Sea and its Drainage area

The Baltic Sea – a shallow, epicontinental sea of volume 21,700 km³ , with a drainage area of ~1.7 million km² - is one of the largest brackish seas in the world. Drainage runoff (660 km³ per year) exceeds ten times precipitation (if exclude evaporation) and makes up 2% of sea volume. Baltic is situated between 10⁰ E ~54^oN and ~31⁰E to 66⁰N (close to Arctic Circle) being under influence of mild Atlantic climate in south-west end to harsh continental – boreal climate in Bothnian Bay area. It is connected with Atlantic Ocean through system of very narrow and shallow straits (Great Baelt, Øresund and Little Baelt).

Table 1. Basic data of the Baltic Sea not included in the text (after Bonsdorff et al., 2002).

Parameter	Measure
Area	415 000km2
Length	1300 km
Width	1200km
Maximum depth	459m
Sill depth	17m
Residence time of water	25yr

Stratification and circulation

Figure 2:Salinity gradient

Restricted connection with open seas toogether with high riverine inflow results in „piling up” of water in the whole basin – In Gulf of Bothnia water level is 36cm higher than in North Sea, in middle part of Baltic Proper by 18 and in Kattegat by 10cm. This generate strong current in Sound system. Inversely enters weaker (reughly twofold) current bearing saline (<34PSU) waters from North Sea. Such balance of fresh vs. Saline waters – characteristic for estuaries – cause permanent strong salinity gradient. At entrance – in Kattegat – salinity of surface waters is around 20PSU but in Bornholm Basin decrease to 8PSU and even lower at North and East periphery (Fig.2)

Coasts

Figure 3: Inhabitants of sandy coasts

Southern part of the Baltic Sea is fringed mainly by coasts built of sedimentary material – leftovers after glacial time. Composed mainly of sand, are vulnerable to mechanical stress of wind and wave action and due to its mobility is not conducive to seaweeds and vascular plant development, also only infaunal or meibenthic animals can endure here (Fig.3). Coastline here is rather straight and exposed, only in estuaries or supports shelters for flora .

Figure 4: Inhabitants of rocky coasts

In contrast Northern and North-East Baltic (partly Gulf of Finland, and Bothnia and Swedish coast) are mainly composed of rocky substratum, shoreline is well developed with fiords, coves and archipelagos - superb shelter for vegetation and associated fauna (Fig.4).

Primary production

Characteristic feature of primary production in Baltic Sea is its seasonality and spatial variability. Spring bloom – main pulse of new organic matter in higher latitudes starts in February March in Westernmost while in Northern part, in May. Annual primary production vary from 500 [gC*y^-1 *m^-2] in Danish fjords to [50 gC*y^-1 *m^-2] in open waters of Western part of Baltic Proper (Rydberget al. 2006 ) in Gulf of Gdańsk annual primary production is as high as ~200[gC*m^-2y^-1] (Lorentz et al. 1991) and well below 100[gC*m^-2y^-1] in Northern part of the Sea (Kangas et al. 1993,). This decreasing trend reflects both salinity and climatic gradients. Characteristic feature for Baltic is third - Summer bloom of Cyanobacteria - in addition to typical for temperate seas Autumnal bloom.

Specific biodiversity issues

The marine–brackish–limnic conditions in the area established about 8000 years, and the current regime in terms of salinity and basic climatological conditions (covering six zones, from the temperate to the subarctic) is about 3000 years old (Bonsdorff 2006. In compare with other similar seas , due to its brackish characteristic, Baltic Sea is inhabited by animals, protists and plants representing relatively lesser number of taxa, but sometime represented by many individuals. While most diverse marine ecosystems consists of 800 taxa of macrofauna per 10 m2 - in Baltic one can expect no more than 30 taxa. But from other side, the flora and fauna of the Baltic is unusual in that there are areas in which freshwater, brackish water and marine species co-exist. For example, the freshwater plant - common reed (Phragmites australis) and the marine wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) can be found side by side or fresh water species of phytoplankton exists beside “fully marine” ones (~20 marine, 20 fresh and 30 brackish water). Biodiversity follows differences of environmental factors (see above) in different part of the Baltic Sea. In Skagerrak, where a water salinity is as high as 30 PSU, some 1500 marine animal species and 154 seaweeds live. But in so far proximity - in the southern part - where salinity is much lower (10 PSU) only ~ 150 animal and less than 50 benthic alga species can be found (Kautsky et al., 1990.)

Threats

View of Baltic Sea from Dierhagen. Photo D Schiedek

Many of the marine species present are at the limit of their biogeographical distribution. The highest biodiversity is found in the southwest of the Baltic Sea. The major threats to marine biodiversity in the region are unsustainable exploitation of fisheries resources, eutrophication (enrichment from plant nutrient, reducing oxygen levels), pollution from contaminants and oil and the introduction of alien species.

See also

• Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Convention)
• An exercise in comparing the pelagic and benthic macrofauna species diversity in Arctic, Antarctic and Baltic sites using the taxonomic distinctiveness index [1]
  
• Values of, and threats to, marine and coastal habitats in the southern Baltic [2]
  
• Shallow sandy sublittoral: the ecological treasure of the southern Baltic Sea [3]
  
• Daily sea surface temperatures rom the late 1800s to the early 2000s implications for biodiversity in the Baltic Sea [4]
  
• Application of benthic indices to assess biodiversity in the southern Baltic Sea [5]
  

The main author of this article is Wiktor, Józef Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article. Citation: Wiktor, Józef (2009): Baltic Sea. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea [accessed on 22-11-2024] For other articles by this author see Category:Articles by Wiktor, Józef For an overview of contributions by this author see Special:Contributions/Józef