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Biological_Descriptors: CSV JSON

Distribution Descriptors: CSV JSON

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Biological_Descriptors

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of
Actinula	Actinula	Crawling larval stage of some hydoids (amend)	Larva
Adult	Adult	The reproductively capable (mature), fully formed, usually longest lived, stage of an animals life cycle.	Lifestage
AdultBody	Adult body	Attached or stuck to adult but not held in specialised appendage / receptacle	CementedAttached
AdultBurrow	Adult burrow	Eggs are placed or retained within the parents burrow	EggClutchLocation
AdultDiapause	Adult		DiapauseStage
AgeAtMaturity	Age at maturity	Age recorded in days, months, years.	Lifehistory
AlternationOfGenerations	Alternation of generations	The alternation of generations, in the life cycle of an organism, that exhibit different modes of reproduction; typically sexual (diploid) and asexual (haploid) phases. Also termed metagenesis (Lincoln et al., 1998) (e.g. Daphnia, some rotifers)	ReproductiveType
Amphiblastula	Amphiblastula	A poriferan larva, composed of a hollow ball of cells, with one hemisphere ciliated (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Anisogamous	Anisogamous	Having flagellate gametes of different size, shape or behaviour (from Bold, 1977 and Lincoln et al., 1998).	GameteType
AnnualEpisodic	Annual episodic	Breeds every year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle).	Iteroparous
AnnualProtracted	Annual protracted	Breeds every year over an extended or drawn out period.	Iteroparous
ApomicticParthenogenesis	Apomictic parthenogenesis	Reproduction via single cells /eggs that are derived by mitosis (Barnes et al., 1993) - amictic.	AsexualReproduction
Arrhenotoky	Arrhenotoky	Haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs (adapted from Lincoln 'et al., 1998).	Gonochoristic
AscidianTadpole	Ascidian tadpole	A free-swimming tadpole-like larva of ascidians, characterized by a head (bearing internal organs and adhesive papilla) and tail (with notochord and neural tube) (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
AsexualReproduction	Asexual reproduction	Reproduction not involving the exchange of genetic material, amictic, individuals derived form a single parent (Barnes et al., 2006); not involving the fusion of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998)	ReproductiveType
AttachedSediment	Sediment surface	Attached to the sediment surface e.g. by mucilagenous sheath such as used by necklace shells, and opistobranchs	CementedAttached
Auricularia	Auricularia	First free-swimming larval stage of the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a continuous and curving flagellated band (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
AutomicticParthenogenesis	Automictic parthenogenesis	Obligate self-fertilization (Lincoln et al., 1998) in which haploid eggs /gametes are produced by meiosis but diploidy is restored without fertilization.	Monoecious
Biannual	<Biannual	Breeds less frequently than every two years.	Iteroparous
BiannualEpisodic	Biannual episodic	Breeds every second year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle).	Iteroparous
BiannualProtracted	Biannual protracted	Breeds once every two years over an extended or drawn out period.	Iteroparous
Biological Descriptors	Biological Descriptors		Marine species traits
Bipinnaria	Bipinnaria	First of the two free-swimming larval forms in the asteroids, characterized by a ciliary band and the presence of arm-like projections (Stachowitsch, 1992; Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Bivoltine	Bivoltine	Two generations per year (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency
BodySize	Body size	A measurement of the size of the organism. Note - the measurement used to express body size varies within taxonomic groups. For example, some disciplines measure diameter, others carapace length, total body length or wing span. Also body size can vary with gender and life stage.	Biological Descriptors
Bodylength	Body length	Maximum recorded linear body length (in millimetres) excluding appendages.	QuantitativeBodySize
Brachioloaria	Brachiolaria	The second the two free-swimming larval forms in the asteroids, characterized by the appearance of three adhesive arms at the anterior end (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Broadcast	Broadcast	Both gametes are expelled (spawned) from the confines of the adult body or tissues, into the external fluid medium (water/air)	External
BroodChamber	Brood chamber	Eggs retained by adult, usually in specialised cavity/appendage where the eggs develop to larval or juvenile stage	EggClutchLocation
BroodingBehaviour	Brooding behaviour		Lifehistory
Budding	Budding	A form of asexual multiplication in which a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism (Barnes et al., 1993).	Vegetative
CementedAttached	Cemented or attached	The surface or body part to which eggs are attached by the parent	EggClutchLocation
ClutchSize	Clutch size	Number of eggs laid at one time - in organisms that may lay eggs in one or more batches.	Lifehistory
Conaria	Conaria	Early larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with disc-shaped float, and consists of a hollow sphere with aboral thickening (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Copepodid	Copepodid (copepodite)	Free swimming larval stage, typically with five sub-stages, characterized by excretion through maxillary glands, and progressive increase in number of body segments and posterior appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Coronate	Coronate	Free-swimming, lecithotrophic larva of Bryozoa	Larva
Cydippid	Cydippid	Free-swimming spherical larva, composed of a simple gastrovascular system and short comb-rows; resembles typical adult ctenophore (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Cyphonautes	Cyphonautes	Free-swimming bryozoan larva, the body is triangular, compressed and enclosed in a bivalve shell (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Cypris	Cyprid (cypris)	Final lecithotrophic larval stage, characterized by bivalved carapace, compound eyes, prehensile antennules and thoraic appendages (cirri) (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Diameter	Diameter	The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere. Note: For diameter you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.	TaxonSpecificBodySize
DiapauseStage	Dormancy/Diapause Stage	Description of dormant stage	Lifehistory
Diplontic	Diplontic	A life cycle characterized by a diploid adult stage producing haploid gametes by meiosis, the zygote forming by fusion of a pair of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998).	LifeCycle
DirectDevelopment	Direct development	Development without a larval stage	LarvalJuvenileDevelopment
DispersalPotential	Larval or juvenile dispersal potential	Potential for dispersal provided by one or more larval/juvenile stages, recorded in m, km.	Lifehistory
Doliolaria	Doliolaria	Second free-swimming larvae (after the auricularia) in the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a series of flagellated rings around a barrel-shaped body (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Echinopluteus	Echinopluteus	Free-swimming larva of Echinoidea, distinguished by six pairs of arms, supported by skeletal rods (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
EggClutchLocation	Egg, egg mass or clutch location	Description of where fertilized eggs are placed or held	Lifehistory
EggPropaguleSize	Egg or propagule size	Size (diameter) of macrogamete (egg or ovum) in µm, mm, cm.	Lifehistory
EggSac	Egg sac	for example the egg sacs of copepods - carried by adult	EggClutchLocation
Eggs	Eggs		DiapauseStage
Ephyra	Ephyra	Young, free-swimming medusa stage typically developing from attached scyphistoma or occasionally direct from a planula. Umbrella typically composed of eight, bifurcated arms (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
External	External	Egg/sperm meet and fertilize externally to parental individuals, tissues or confines of their bodies, but within the fluid medium	Fertilization
Fecundity	Fecundity	Number of eggs reported produced per female per reproductive cycle.	Lifehistory
Fertilization	Fertilization	Description of the location of fertilization, whereby in animals/macroalgae a gametes are fertilized or in plants pollination occurs.	Lifehistory
Fission	Fission	A form of asexual multiplication involving division of the body into two or more parts each or all of which can grow into new individuals (Barnes et al., 1993).	Vegetative
ForkLength	Fork length (FL)	1) Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics. (FishBase) 2) Fork length (FL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends. (Wikipedia) 3) Fork length (FL) can be specified as: Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish
FreeWaterColumn	Free or water column	Eggs spawned into water column	EggClutchLocation
GameteType	Gamete type	Descriptors of the relative size of gametes	Lifehistory
GenerationTime	Generation time	The mean period of time between reproduction by parent generation and the reproduction of the first filial generation (Lincoln et al., 1998); recorded in years.	Lifehistory
Glochidium	Glochidium	Specialist larval form in some freshwater bivalves, characterized by a bivalve shell, with or with a pair of hooks, and a long adhesive thread or tentacle. It lives as a temporary parasite on the gills or fins of fish. In some species a modified glochidium is termed a 'lasidium' before attachment and a 'haustorium' after attachment (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
GoettesLarva	Goette's larva	Free-swimming four armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Gonochoristic	Gonochorisitc (dioecious)	Having separate sexes/genders (Barnes et al., 1993).	SexualReproduction
HaploidDiploid	Haploid-diploid (haplodiplontic)	Both haploid and diploid forms, with gametophytes giving rise to haploid gametes, and sporophytes giving rise to haploid spores by meiosis	LifeCycle
Haplontic	Haplontic	A life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase but in which only the zygote is diploid (Lincoln et al., 1998).	LifeCycle
HardSubstrata	Rock (hard substrata)	Attached or stuck to hard substrata, e.g. dog whelk capsules	CementedAttached
Heteromorphic	Heteromorphic	The haploid and diploid phases are different in size and body shape; the gametophyte is often diminutive (small to microscopic).	HaploidDiploid
Instar	Instar	Any intermoult stage in the development of an arthropod (Lincoln et al., 1998)	Lifestage
Internal	Internal	Fertilization (gametes meet) within the body (or body cavity or accessory organ) of the individual	Fertilization
Isogamous	Isogamous	Gametes similar in size, shape and behaviour, not differentiated into male or female (Lincoln et al., 1998)	GameteType
Isomorphic	Isomorphic	Haploid and diploid phases morphologically identical	HaploidDiploid
Iteroparous	Iteroparous (polytely)	1) Breeding several times per lifetime. 2) Organisms that have repeated reproductive cycles (Lincoln et al., 1998).	ReproductiveFrequency
Juvenile	Juvenile	Early adult life stage of an organism that shares the morphology and ecology of the adult but is not capable of reproduction.	Lifestage
Juveniles	Juveniles		DiapauseStage
Larva	Larva	An independent, motile, developmental stage of an organism, that differs in morphology and ecology from the juvenile or adult stage, and undergoes a metamorphosis to become the juvenile or adult (adapted from Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Barnes et al., 2006).	Lifestage
LarvalJuvenileDevelopment	Larval and juvenile development	Description of how the larvae or juveniles develop into adults	Lifehistory
LarvalSettlement	Larval settlement period	Description of the period of time over which larval settlement occurs.	Lifehistory
LarvalStageDuration	Duration of larval stage	Duration of the larval stage recorded in days or months.	Lifehistory
LarvalSttlementSubstratum	Larval settlement substratum	A description of the preferred substratum for larval settlement	Lifehistory
Lecithotrophic	Lecithotrophic	Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female (Barnes et al., 1993).	LarvalJuvenileDevelopment
LifeCycle	Life cycle	The stages an organism passes through between the production of gametes by one generation and production of gametes by the next generation (Lincoln et al., 1998)	Lifehistory
LifeSpan	Life span	life span/longevity, recorded in days, months, years.	Lifehistory
Lifehistory	Life history	Traits that describe the life history characteristics of an organism	Biological Descriptors
Lifestage	Life stages	Description of the larval and juvenile stages in the life cycle of an organism	Biological Descriptors
Macrobiota	Macrobiota [2.0 - 200 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size between 2.0 and 200 mm.	QualitativeBodySize
Megabiota	Megabiota [> 200 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size larger than 200 mm.	QualitativeBodySize
Megalopa	Megalopa	Post larval stage of decapod Crustacea (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Meiobiota	Meiobiota [0.2 - 2.0 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size between 0.2 and 2.0 mm.	QualitativeBodySize
Metanauplius	Metanauplius	Second larval stage in decapod Crustacea; resembles the nauplius but with more appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Microbiota	Microbiota [<0.2 mm]	Individual organisms with a mean body size smaller than 0.2 mm.	QualitativeBodySize
Mitraria	Mitraria	A type of polychaete larva characterized by numerous long flotation bristles (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Monoecious	Hermaphrodite (monoecious)	Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	SexualReproduction
MullersLarva	Muller's larva	The free-swimming eight armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Rupert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Multivoltine	Multivoltine	Many generations per year (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency
Nauplius	Nauplius	Free-swimming larva, with a characteristic triangular shape, rostral horns in some, three pairs of appendages, and sometimes a nauplia eye. The number of nauplius stages varies between groups (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Nectochaeta	Nectochaeta	A polychaete larval stage where the first set of chaetal bundles and parapodia develop, although the ciliary girdle remains for swimming (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
NoDiapause	None		DiapauseStage
NoOviparousCare	No care	Eggs are laid and abandoned by adult	Oviparous
NoViviparousCare	No care	Offspring are abandoned by the adult	Viviparous
NonSelfing	Non-selfing	Incapable of self-fertilization, due to physical or temporal separation of gametes, and/or self-incompatability genes	PermanentHermaphrodite
Oogamous	Oogamous	Having large, non-motile eggs and small motile sperm (Lincoln et al., 1998).	GameteType
Ophiopluteus	Ophiopluteus	Free-swimming larvae of Ophiuroidea, distinguished by four pairs of arms supported by skeletal rods (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Oviparous	Oviparous	Egg laying; producing eggs that are laid and hatch externally (Lincoln et al., 1998).	DirectDevelopment
OviparousCare	Parental Care	Parents, guard or protect the eggs/clutch e.g. birds, some reptiles	Oviparous
Ovoviviparous	Ovoviviparous	Fully formed eggs are retained and hatched inside the maternal body and are released as live offspring (Lincoln et al., 1998). No nutrition is derived from the mother.	DirectDevelopment
Parenchymella	Parenchymella	A poriferan larva composed of a ciliated ball of cells (blastula), with a brief swimming phase (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
Pediveliger	Pediveliger	A late veliger that is able to use its foot to crawl and provide temporary attachment	Larva
Pelagosphaera	Pelagosphaera	The secondary free-swimming larva in Sipunculida, that develops from a non-feeding trochophore (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).	Larva
PermanentHermaphrodite	Permanent (synchronous) hermaphrodite	Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes et al., 1993).	Monoecious
Physiology	Physiology		Biological Descriptors
Pilidium	Pilidium	Free-swimming, helmet-shaped, larva of nemerteans (ribbon worms) with an apical tuft, apical sensory organs, oral lobes and oral ciliated band (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996).	Larva
Planktotrophic	Planktotrophic	Feeding at least in part on materials captured from the plankton (Barnes et al., 1993).	LarvalJuvenileDevelopment
Planula	Planula	A ciliated, free swimming larva; lacks a mouth but in older stages may include a gastrovascular cavity (Stachowitsch, 1992)	Larva
Pollination	Pollination (plants)	Transfer of male gametophyte (pollen) to the 'female' part of a flower	Internal
Protandrous	Protandrous	A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979).	SequentialHermaphrodite
Protogynous	Protogynous	A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes 1979).	SequentialHermaphrodite
Protonymphon	Protonymphon	Larval pycnogonid that bears three pairs of appendages, the chelicerae, palps and ovigerous legs (Ruppert & Barnes, 1996).	Larva
Protozoea	Protozoea	Third larval stage in Decapoda, characterized by antennal locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992)	Larva
PseudoArrhenotoky	Pseudo-arrhenotoky	Males develop from diploid fertilized eggs but subsequently eliminate or silence the paternal genome	Gonochoristic
QualitativeBodySize	Qualitative body size	Body size measured in terms of mega, macro, meio/meso and micro.	BodySize
QuantitativeBodySize	Quantitative body size	Body size measured in numerical values.	BodySize
Rataria	Rataria	A later larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with a disc-shaped float, and an elongated body surrounded by the rim of the growing disc (Stachowitsch, 1992)	Larva
ReproductiveFrequency	Reproductive Frequency		Lifehistory
ReproductiveSeason	Reproductive season	A description of the season(s) or months of the year during which reproduction occurs	Lifehistory
ReproductiveType	Reproductive type	Traits that describe how an organism reproduces or the mechanism by which reproduction is achieved.	Lifehistory
SedimentSurface	Sediment surface		EggClutchLocation
Seeds	Seeds (plants)		DiapauseStage
SelfFertilizing	Self-fertilizing	Capable of self-fertilization	PermanentHermaphrodite
Semelparous	Semelparous (monotely)	Breeding once per lifetime, or breeding only once then dying (Barnes et al., 2006). Organisms that only have one brood during their lifetime (Lincoln et al., 1998).	ReproductiveFrequency
Semivoltine	Semivoltine	One generation every two years (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency
SequentialHermaphrodite	Sequential hermaphrodite	Hermaphrodite in which the male and female organs mature (that is produce gametes) at different times in the reproductive cycle (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998)	Monoecious
SexualReproduction	Sexual reproduction	1) Reproduction involving the regular alternation of gamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln et al.,1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived from more than one parent is possible (Barnes et al. 2006), true amphimixis involves random segregation of genes and random association of parental contribution (gametes).	ReproductiveType
SpecialisedStage	Specialised stage	A specialised dormancy or diapause stage in the life cycle of the organism	DiapauseStage
Spermcast	Spermcast	Male gametes are spawned and fertilize eggs within or attached to parent	Internal
Sporogenesis	Sporogenesis	Reproduction via spores	ReproductiveType
StandardLength	Standard length (SL)	1) The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale, because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase) 2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal fin. (Wikipedia) Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes. (Wikipedia) 3) Standard length (SL) can be specified as: a) Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase); b) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase).	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish
TaxonSpecificBodySize	Taxon specific body size	The measure of body size specific to a taxonomic group.	QuantitativeBodySize
TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish	Taxon specific body size: Fish	Fish measurement is the measuring of the length of individual fish and of various parts of their anatomy. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. (Wikipedia)	TaxonSpecificBodySize
TaxonSpecificBodySizeMacroAlgae	Taxon specific body size: Macroalgae		TaxonSpecificBodySize
TotalLength	Total length (TL)	1) The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL. (FishBase) 2) Total length (TL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body. (Wikipedia) Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations. (Wikipedia) 3) Total length (TL) can be specified as: Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish
Univoltine	Univoltine	One generation per year / annuals (Barnes et al., 2006).	ReproductiveFrequency
Vegetation	Vegetation	Attached or stuck to vegetation, e.g. opistobranchs, mermaid purses, cephalopod eggs etc.	CementedAttached
Vegetative	Vegetative reproduction	Asexual reproduction via somatic growth processes, fragmentation, fission, or budding (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998)	AsexualReproduction
Veliger	Veliger	A free-swimming molluscan larva, characterized by lobed extensions of the peroral trochus (velum), larval shell and rudimentary foot (Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva
Viviparous	Viviparous	1) Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent (Lincoln et al., 1998). 2) Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes et al., 2006).	DirectDevelopment
ViviparousCare	Parental care	Offspring are nurtured and protected by the adult	Viviparous
Width	Width	A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body (OED) Note: For width you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.	TaxonSpecificBodySize
WidthOfDisc	Width of disc (WD)	The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes. (FishBase)	TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish
Wingspan	Wingspan	In birds (Aves) - "the distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched" (Wikipedia) or "wingtip to wingtip in flight" (BTO). In winged insects (Insecta) - "may refer to the distance between the centre of the thorax to the apex of the wing doubled or to the width between the apices with the wings set with the trailing wing edge perpendicular to the body" (Wikipedia) Note: For wingspan you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.	TaxonSpecificBodySize
Zoea	Zoea	Fourth free-swimming larval stage of Decapoda, with thoracic appendages for locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992).	Larva

Distribution_Descriptors

Distribution Descriptors 

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of
Abyssobenthic	Abyssobenthic (Abyssal)	Occupying the ocean floor from ca 4000 - 6000 m depth. Usually a more or less flat plain (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic
Abyssopelagic	Abyssopelagic (2500-6000 m)	Overlays the plains of the major ocean basins with a lower boundary of ca 6000 m.	Pelagic
AlphaHaline	Alpha-haline	36-40 psu	MarineSalinity
AlphaMesohaline	Alpha-Mesohaline	10-<18 psu	Mesohaline
AlphaOligohaline	Alpha-Oligohaline	3-<5 psu	Oligohaline
AlphaPolyhaline	Alpha-Polyhaline	25-<30 psu	Polyhaline
AnchialineCaves	Anchialine caves	Coastal salt water habitats with no surface connection to the sea.	VerticalBiologicalZone
Artificial	Artificial (man-made)	E.g. wood, metal or concrete structures.	HardImmobile
Bathybenthic	Bathybenthic (Bathyal)	Occupying the ocean floor from ca 200 - 4000 m depth (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic
Bathylpelagic	Bathylpelagic (1000-2500 m)	Extends from ca 1000-2500 m.	Pelagic
Bedrock	Bedrock	Any stable hard substratum, not separated into boulders or smaller sediment units. Includes soft rock-types such as chalk, peat and clay. (Hiscock et al., 1999; MarLIN)	HardImmobile
Benthic	Benthic	Pertaining to the sea bed, river bed or lake floor (Lincoln et al., 1998).	VerticalBiologicalZone
Benthopelagic	Benthopelagic	A zone of open water extending ca 100 m above the surface of the sea bed at all depths below the edge of the continental shelf.	Pelagic
BetaHaline	Beta-Haline	30-36 psu	MarineSalinity
BetaMesohaline	Beta-Mesohaline	5-<10 psu	Mesohaline
BetaOligohaline	Beta-Oligohaline	0.5-<3 psu	Oligohaline
BetaPolyhaline	Beta-Polyhaline	18-<25 psu	Polyhaline
BiogenicReef	Biogenic reef	An elevated structure on the seabed built by calcareous or other concretion-forming organisms, or by chemical precipitation (Hiscock, 1996); for example by Modiolus modiolus or Sabellaria alveolata	FeaturesOther
Brackish	Brackish		Environment
BrackishSalinity	Brackish	0.5-<30 psu	Salinity
BurrowDweller	Burrow dweller	Occupies or shares space in burrow constructed by other organisms.	FeaturesOther
Cave	Cave	A hollow normally eroded in a cliff (or vertical rock) with the penetration being greater than the width of the entrance (Hiscock, 1996).	FeaturesOther
Circalittoral	Circalittoral	The subzone of the rocky sublittoral below that dominated by algae (the infralittoral), and dominated by animals. No lower limit is defined, but species composition changes below about 40m to 80m depth, depending on depth of the seasonal thermocline. This subzone can be subdivided into the upper circalittoral where foliose algae are present and the lower circalittoral where they are not (see Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to two étages of the sediment benthos below the infralittoral: a "coastal circalittoral category with a eurythermal environment of weak seasonal amplitude (less than 10°C) varying slowly" and a "circalittoral category of the open sea with a stenothermal environment" (Hiscock, 1996).	Sublittoral
CircalittoralOffshore	Circalittoral offshore	Typically occurs below 50-70 metres away from the influence of wave action. Aphotic with animal communities in stable or stenothermal and stenohaline conditions. Open sea (Connor et al., 1997).	Sublittoral
Clay	Clay	1) Sediment particles less than 0.004 mm in size (Wentworth, 1922). 2) A soft very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles (Hiscock, 1996).	SedimentSoft
CoarseCleanSand	Coarse clean sand	1) Particle size 0.5 - 4 mm (Hiscock, 1996)	Sand
CoarseSediments	Coarse sediments	Sediments composed of gravel and sand; inc. gravel, gravelly sand and sandy gravel (Long, 2006)	SedimentSoft
Cobbles	Cobbles	64-256 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata that are predominantly cobbles.	HardMobile
CrevicesFissures	Crevices and fissures	A narrow crack in hard substratum where penetration is deeper than the width at the entrance; a crevice is <10 mm wide at the entrance, while a fissure is >10 mm (Hiscock ,1996)	FeaturesOther
Demersal	Demersal	Living at or near the bottom of a sea or lake but having the capacity for active swimming (from Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition
Depth	Depth	Maximum recorded depth below chart datum (expressed in metres).	Distribution Descriptors
DepthRange	Depth range	Maximum to minimum recorded depth (expressed as metres below chart datum).	Depth
DepthSubstratum	Depth in substratum	The depth within the substratum at which the organism is found (max recorded in metres).	Depth
Distribution Descriptors	Distribution Descriptors	Fields and traits that describe the distribution of the species.	Marine species traits
Elevation	Elevation	A measure of height above chart datum, recorded in metres	Distribution Descriptors
EnclosedCoast	Enclosed coast or embayment	A marine inlet or harbour fully enclosed from the open sea except at the entrance, not normally open to the sea at two ends. The connection with the open sea is normally less restricted than is the case with lagoons (Hiscock, 1996).	Physiography
Endophytic	Endophytic	A plant living within another plant (Lincoln et al., 1998)	EnvironmentalPosition
Endozoic	Endozoic	Living within the body of an animal (Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition
Environment	Environment	Broad descriptors of the major environmental regions	Distribution Descriptors
EnvironmentalPosition	Environmental position	Position relative to substratum or fluid medium (air/water).	Habitat
Epibenthic	Epibenthic	Living on the surface of the seabed.	EnvironmentalPosition
Epifaunal	Epifaunal	An animal living on the surface of the substratum.	EnvironmentalPosition
Epifloral	Epifloral	A plant living on the surface of the substratum.	EnvironmentalPosition
Epilithic	Epilithic	Living on the surface of rock or other hard inorganic substrata	EnvironmentalPosition
Epipelagic	Epipelagic (0-200 m)	The photic zone, includes the open ocean influenced by light.  The lower boundary is dependent on the depth of light penetration and is generally regarded extend to ca 200 m in depth.	Pelagic
Epipelic	Epipelic	An organism that moves over the surface of sediment or lives at the sediment / water interface.	EnvironmentalPosition
Epiphytic	Epiphytic	Living on the surface of a living plant but not parasitic upon it.	EnvironmentalPosition
Epizooic	Epizooic	Living on the exterior of a living animal but not parasitic upon it.	EnvironmentalPosition
Estuary	Estuary	Downstream part of a river where it widens to enter the sea; often with significant freshwater influence and predominantly comprising sediment habitats.	Physiography
Eulittoral	Littoral	1) The region between the highest and lowest extent of the tide on the shore. 2) The shore zone between the lowest and highest seasonal water level in a lake (Lincoln et al., 1998)	Benthic
Exposed	Exposed	1) Coasts which face the prevailing wind but which have a degree of shelter because of extensive shallow areas offshore, offshore obstructions, or a restricted (less than 90°) window to open water. These sites are not generally exposed to large waves or regular swell. 2) Open coasts facing away from prevailing winds but with a long fetch, and where strong winds are frequent.	WaveExposed
ExtremelyExposed	Extremely exposed	Open coastlines which face into the prevailing wind and receive both wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions such as islands or shallows for several thousand kilometres and where deep water is close to the shore (50 m depth contour within about 300 m).	WaveExposed
ExtremelySheltered	Extremely sheltered	Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch of no more than about 3 km.	WaveSheltered
FeaturesOther	Features or other substratum	Descriptors of types of unusual or unique types of substratum or habitat	SubstratumHabitat
FineCleanSand	Fine clean sand	Particle size 0.063 - 0.5 mm (Hiscock, 1996)	Sand
Freshwater	Freshwater		Environment
FreshwaterSalinity	Freshwater	<0.5 psu	Salinity
GravelShingle	Gravel or shingle	1) Particle size 4 -16 mm. 2) Clean stone or shell gravel including dead maerl (Hiscock, 1996) 3) >80% gravel (Long, 2006).	CoarseSediments
GravellyMud	Gravelly mud	Mud with 5-30% gravel (see Long, 2006)	Mixed
GravellyMuddySand	Gravelly muddy sand	Sand (50-90%) with gravel (>5%) and mud (see Long, 2006)	Mixed
GravellySand	Gravelly sand	Sand with 5-30% gravel (see Long 2006)	CoarseSediments
Habitat	Habitat	Traits that describe an organisms preferred habitat and its position within that habitat.	Distribution Descriptors
HabitatPreferences	Habitat Preferences		Distribution Descriptors
Hadobenthic	Hadobenthic (Hadal)	Occupying the ocean floor at depths exceeding ca 6000 m. Usually in trenches and canyons of the abyssal zone. (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic
Hadopelagic	Hadopelagic (>6000 m)	Open waters of deep oceanic trenches, from ca 6000 m and below.	Pelagic
Hard	Hard	Hard substratum e.g. bedrock, concrete, boulders,cobbles and pebbles	SubstratumHabitat
HardImmobile	Immobile hard	Immobile hard substratum e.g. solid rock, concrete but including soft rocks, such as chalk.	Hard
HardMobile	Mobile hard	Mobile hard substratum, e.g. cobbles, pebbles that are regularly moved by wave action.	Hard
HyperSaline	Hyper-saline	>40 psu	Salinity
Hyperbenthic	Hyperbenthic	Living above but close to the substratum (Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition
IceAssociated	Ice-Associated	Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats.	VerticalBiologicalZone
Infaunal	Infaunal	Benthic animals which live within the seabed.	EnvironmentalPosition
Infralittoral	Infralittoral	A subzone of the sublittoral in which upward-facing rocks are dominated by erect algae, typically kelps; it can be further subdivided into the upper and lower infralittoral (based on Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to areas (étages) with a eurythermal environment of great seasonal and also daily and tidal amplitude. 1) lower The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoralwhere grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae. 2) upper The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hardsubstrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Sublittoral
Interstitial	Interstitial	Living within the system of cavities and channels formed by the spaces between grains in a sediment (interstitial space).	EnvironmentalPosition
Lagoon	Isolated saline water (lagoon)	Enclosed bodies of water, separated or partially separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes.	Physiography
LargeBoulders	Large or very large boulders	>512 mm; likely to be stable (Hiscock, 1996).	HardImmobile
Lithotomous	Lithotomous	Stone-boring; an organism that burrows into rock.	EnvironmentalPosition
LowerCircalittoral	Lower circalittoral	Dominated by animals with no foliose algae but encrusting Rhodophycota patchy in grazed areas. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata below the maximum depth limit of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Circalittoral
LowerInfralittoral	Lower infralittoral	The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoral where grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Infralittoral
LowerLittoral	Lower littoral	The lower part of the shore only exposed (emersed) at the lowest part of the tide.	Eulittoral
LowerLittoralFringe	Lower littoral fringe	The bottom of the littoral fringe. In the UK, characterized by he Pelvetia/Porphyra belt with patchy Verrucaria maura and Fucus spiralis (on sheltered shores). Verrucaria mucosa present above the main barnacle population. May also include salt marsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral
Macroalgae	Macroalgae	Macroalgal surfaces, such as kelps and fucoids.	FeaturesOther
Maerl	Maerl	Maerl beds formed by build up of maerl.	FeaturesOther
Marine	Marine		Environment
MarineSalinity	Marine	30-40 psu (equals MNCR Full)	Salinity
MediumCleanSand	Medium clean sand	Particle size 0.25-1mm (Hiscock, 1996)	Sand
Mesohaline	Mesohaline	5-<18 psu (equals MNCR Low, <18 psu)	BrackishSalinity
Mesopelagic	Mesopelagic (200-1000 m)	The upper aphotic zone and extends to a depth of ca 1000 m.	Pelagic
MidEulittoral	Mid littoral	Barnacle - limpet dominated, sometimes mussels, with Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral
Mixed	Mixed	Mixtures of a variety of sediment types, composed of pebble / gravel / sand / mud. This category includes muddy gravels, muddy sandy gravels, gravelly muds, and muddy gravelly sands.	SedimentSoft
ModeratelyExposed	Moderately exposed	Generally coasts facing away from prevailing winds and without a long fetch but where strong winds can be frequent.	WaveExposed
ModeratelyStrong	Moderately strong	1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.)	TidalStrength
Mud	Mud	1) Particle size <0.063 mm (silt / clay fraction) (Hiscock, 1996) 2) >90% mud (Long, 2006)	MudSandyMud
MudSandyMud	Mud and sandy mud	Mud and sandy muds where mud is the major fraction (see Long, 2006)	SedimentSoft
MuddyGravel	Muddy gravel	Gravel (30-80%) with mud (see Long, 2006)	Mixed
MuddySand	Muddy sand	Sand (50-90%) with mud (see Long, 2006)	MudSandyMud
MuddySandyGravel	Muddy sandy gravel	Gravel (30-80%) with mud and sand (see Long, 2006)	Mixed
Nekton	Nektonic (nekton)	Active swimming organisms that live in the water column and are able to move independently of the water mass (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition
Neritic	Neritic	Water column overlying the continental shelf; surface to ca 200m depth.	Province
Neustonic	Neustonic	Living on or under the surface film of open water.	EnvironmentalPosition
Oceanic	Oceanic	Open waters beyond the continental shelf.	Province
OffshoreSeabed	Offshore seabed	Seabed beyond three miles (5 km) from the shore.	Physiography
Oligohaline	Oligohaline	0.5-<5 psu (included under MNCR Low, <18 psu)	BrackishSalinity
OpenCoast	Open coast	Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; linear coast, islands / rocks and semi-enclosed coast.	Physiography
OtherSpecies	Other species	The surface of other species, e.g. shells or carapace.	FeaturesOther
Overhangs	Overhang	An overhanging part of a rock formation. Typically the surface of the rock below the overhang receives some cover or shade from the overhang.	FeaturesOther
Pebbles	Pebbles	16-64 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata which are predominantly pebbles.	HardMobile
Pelagic	Pelagic	Pertaining to the water column. Inhabiting the open sea, excluding the sea floor (rephrased from Lincoln et al., 1998).	VerticalBiologicalZone
Physiography	Physiography	Coastal geomorphology and physical features.	Habitat
Plankton	Planktonic (plankton)	Living in the fluid medium (water or air) but unable to maintain their position or distribution independently of the movement of the water/air mass (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	EnvironmentalPosition
Pleustonic	Pleustonic	Living permanently at the water surface due to their own buoyancy, normally positioned partly in the water and partly in the air.	EnvironmentalPosition
Polyhaline	Polyhaline	18-<30 psu (included under MNCR Reduced, 18-30 psu)	BrackishSalinity
Province	Province	Descriptors of the major 'regions' of the seas.	Distribution Descriptors
RiaVoe	Ria or voe	Drowned river valleys of south-west Britain (ria) and Shetland (voe). Often with a greater presence of rock and more marine in character than estuaries.	Physiography
Rockpools	Rockpool	1) A pool of water among rocks left behind by the ebbing tide. 2) a depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore where, at low tide, seawater is left behind (Hiscock, 1996).	FeaturesOther
Salinity	Salinity (regime)	The range of salinities in which the organism is recorded (scale taken from Reusser & Lee, 2011)	Habitat
Saltmarsh	Salt marsh	A flat, poorly drained coastal swamp inundated by most high tides (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeaturesOther
Sand	Sand	1) Particle size 0.063 -4 mm (Hiscock 1996) 2) >90% sand (Long, 2006)	SandMuddySand
SandMuddySand	Sand and muddy sand	Sands and sands with mud where sand is the major fraction (see Long 2006)	SedimentSoft
SandyGravel	Sandy gravel	30 -80% gravel with sand (see Long, 2006).	CoarseSediments
SandyMud	Sandy mud	Mud (50-90%) with sand	MudSandyMud
SeaIce	Sea ice	The habitat provided by the surface of frozen sea water floating on the surface. Sea ice may form thin sheets, fast moving pieces, pack ice or large icebergs.	IceAssociated
SeaLoch	Sea loch (Scotland), sea lough (Ireland)	Glacially formed inlets (fjords, fjards) of western Scotland and Ireland; typically elongate and deepened by glacial action with little freshwater influence. Often with narrows and sills dividing the loch into a series of basins.	Physiography
Seagrass	Seagrass	Habitat associated with seagrass bed communities.	FeaturesOther
SedimentSoft	Soft (sediment)	Particulate solid matter accumulated by natural processes (Hiscock, 1996)	SubstratumHabitat
Sheltered	Sheltered	Coasts with a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (< 20 km) or extensive shallow area offshore, or may face away from prevailing winds.	WaveSheltered
SmallBoulders	Small boulders	256 -512 mm; may be unstable.	HardImmobile
SplashZone	Splash zone	Region of the shore immediately above the highest levels of the water that is subject to wetting by splash from breaking waves (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Supralittoral
SprayZone	Spray Zone	Region of the shore immediately above the splash zone that is subject to wetting by the spray from breaking waves (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Supralittoral
StraitSound	Strait or sound	Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets).	Physiography
Strandline	Strand-line	A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeaturesOther
Strong	Strong	3 to 6 knots (1.5-3 m/sec.)	TidalStrength
Sublittoral	Sublittoral	1) The zone exposed to air only at its upper limit by the lowest spring tides, although almost continuous wave action on extremely exposed coasts may extend the upper limit high into the intertidal region. The sublittoral extends from the upper limit of the large kelps and includes, for practical purposes in nearshore areas, all depths below the littoral. Various sub-zones are recognized (based on Hiscock, 1985). 2) The marine zone extending from the lowest limit of the intertidal to the outer edge of the continental slope (rephrased from Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic
SublittoralFringe	Sublittoral fringe	The upper part of the sublittoral zone which is uncovered by the tide. On hard substrata, the zone is characterized by the kelps Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta. The lower limit of this zone is marked by the upper limit of the truly sublittoral kelp Laminaria hyperborea (based on Lewis, 1964; Hiscock, 1996).	Benthic
SubstratumHabitat	Substratum	Description of the substratum on or in which an organism is found or recorded.	Habitat
Supralittoral	Supralittoral	1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteristically dominated by orange and white-to-grey lichens on hard substrata with scattered salt-tolerant higher plants and mosses (Hiscock, 1996). 2) The region of the shore directly above the highest water level and subject to wetting by spray or wave splash (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Benthic
Terrestrial	Terrestrial		Environment
TidalStrength	Tidal streams and water flow (range)	The horizontal movement of water associated with the meteorological, oceanographical and topographical factors. High water flow rates result in areas where water is forced through or over restrictions for example narrows or around protruding offshore rocks. Tidal streams are associated with the rise and fall of the tide where as currents are defined as residual flow after the tidal element is removed (Hiscock, 1996).	Habitat
Tolerance	Tolerance	Based on AMBI	Habitat
TypeI	Type I	Species very sensitive to organic enrichment and present under unpolluted conditions (initial state). They include the specialist carnivores and some deposit-feeding tubicolous polychaetes.	Tolerance
TypeII	Type II	Species indifferent to enrichment, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (from initial state, to slight unbalance). These include suspension feeders, less selective carnivores and scavengers.	Tolerance
TypeIII	Type III	Species tolerant to excess organic matter enrichment. These species may occur under normal conditions, but their populations are stimulated by organic richment (slight unbalance situations). They are surface deposit-feeding species, as tubicolous spionids.	Tolerance
TypeIV	Type IV	Second-order opportunistic species (slight to pronounced unbalanced situations). Mainly small sized polychaetes: subsurface deposit-feeders, such as cirratulids.	Tolerance
TypeV	Type V	First-order opportunistic species (pronounced unbalanced situations). These are deposit- feeders, which proliferate in reduced sediments.	Tolerance
UltraSheltered	Ultra sheltered	Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch measured in tens or at most a few hundred metres.	WaveSheltered
UnderBoulders	Under boulders	Habitat associated with the underside of boulders.	FeaturesOther
UnderIce	Under ice	The habitat formed by the underside of ice sheets at the interface of frozen ice and fluid seawater.	IceAssociated
UpperCircalittoral	Upper circalittoral	Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Circalittoral
UpperEulittoral	Upper littoral	Barnacles and limpets present in quantity with Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum although often this belt has only sparse algal cover compared with the lower eulittoral (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral
UpperInfralittoral	Upper infralittoral	The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985).	Infralittoral
UpperLittoralFringe	Upper littoral fringe	Top of the littoral fringe, characterized by Verrucaria maura with Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neritoides often present. May include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996).	Eulittoral
VerticalBiologicalZone	Vertical biological zone (or zonation)	A description of the vertical biological zone or zonation in which an organism resides. The zone is determined by depth, physical, chemical and biological factors.	Distribution Descriptors
VeryExposed	Very exposed	1) Open coasts which face into prevailing winds and which receive wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions for several hundred kilometres, but where deep water is not close to the shore (50 m depth contour further than about 300 m). 2) Open coasts adjacent to extremely exposed sites but which face away from prevailing winds.	WaveExposed
VerySheltered	Very sheltered	Coasts with a fetch less than about 3 km where they face prevailing winds or about 20 km where they face away from prevailing winds, or which have offshore obstructions such as reefs or a narrow (<30°) open water window.	WaveSheltered
VeryStrong	Very strong	>6 knots (>3 m/sec)	TidalStrength
VeryWeak	Very weak	Negligible	TidalStrength
WaveExposed	Wave exposed	Defined via traits - but included as some authors do not specify level of wave exposure.	WaveExposure
WaveExposure	Wave exposure	Traits that describe the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded.	Habitat
WaveSheltered	Wave sheltered	Defined via traits below - included as some authors do not specify	WaveExposure
Weak	Weak	<1 knot (<0.5 m/sec)	TidalStrength

Ecological_Descriptors

Ecological Descriptors 

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of
AccessoryFeedingStructures	Accessory feeding structures	Other structures such as palps, tentacles or a radiolar crown ("grooved palps"). There are forms of single pair of grooved palps nearly always attached dorsally or near the junction of the prostomium and peristomium, or multiple grooved palps sometimes forming a crown. Dorso lateral ciliated folds in the roof of the buccal cavity may be present in some polychaetes.	Tentacles
Accretion	Accretion	An organism that constructs reefs or raised beds of accreted materials, e.g. bound sand in Sabellaria spp.	ReefBuilding
AerialDipping	Aerial dipping		Dipping
AerialHawking	Aerial hawking		Hawking
Aggregations	Aggregations	An organism that constructs reefs and raised beds due to aggregation of large numbers of individuals via permanent or semi-permanent attachment e.g. mussels, oysters and Crepidula beds.	ReefBuilding
AlgalGravel	Algal gravel	Constructs deep beds of calcareous algal nodules, e.g. maerl beds	BedForming
Ambusher	Ambusher	Sedentary or sessile predators, that wait for prey to come to them, and may or may not use a final pounce, traps or lures (e.g. sea anemones, large hydroids, spiders)	Predator
AmorphousCaCO3	Amorphous CaCO3	calcium carbonate that lacks a crystalline structure, or whose internal is so irregular that there is no characteristic external form. The term does not preclude the existence of any degree of order (Derived from Neuendorf et al. 2005)	CalcareousSkeleton
AnchorShaped	Anchor-shaped	E.g. Ceratium spp.	BodyShape
AppendagesPaddles	Appendages (paddles)	Swimming is effected one or more pairs of appendages (legs or paddles) e.g. the pleiopods of Isopod, Amphipod or Decapod crustaceans, or the legs of amphibious vertebrates.	Swimmer
Aragonite	Aragonite	a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e.g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells.	CalcareousSkeleton
ArborescentArbuscular	Arborescent/Arbuscular	Having the shape or characteristics of a tree.	Erect
AristolesLantern	Aristotle's lantern	Specialist - sea urchins	FeedingApparatus
ArmsAppendages	Arms or appendages	Traits that describe specialized limbs or appendages used to catch or process food items.	FeedingApparatus
Articulate	Articulate	Jointed, arthrous (Holmes, 1979).	BodyShape
Autotroph	Autotroph	Self-feeding. An organism capable of synthesizing complex organic substances from simple inorganic substrates (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FoodTypeDiet
BallooningKiting	Ballooning/Kiting	Use of a length of silk to be carried by the wind (e.g. spiders)	Drifter
Beak	Beak	e.g. birds / cephalopods	MouthParts
BedForming	Bed forming	An organism that lives in large aggregations or beds (e.g. brittlestars, mussels, oysters, Crepidula etc, sea squirts)	Biogenic
Biodiffusor	Biodiffusor	Organisms whose activities that cause constant and random local sediment biomixing over short distances resulting in transport of sediment particles, analogous to molecular or eddy diffusion (from Kristensen et al., 2012). Includes epifaunal biodiffusers e.g. fiddler crabs; surficial biodiffusers e.g. Echinocardium; and gallery biodiffusers e.g. Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor.	SedimentReworking
Biogenic	Bio-genic	Habitat features created by living things	HabitatModification
BitingMacerating	Biting or macerating	Mouth parts designed to grasp and macerate food before swallowing (e.g. most vertebrates)	MouthParts
BitingPiercing	Piercing or suctorial	Mouth parts designed to pierce outside of food or prey and feed on internal fluids or tissues	MouthParts
Bivalved	Bivalved	Characteristically a shell of two calcareous valves joined by a flexible ligament.	BodyShape
BlindEndedVentilation	Blind-ended ventilation	Organisms that live in 'I' or 'J' shaped burrows open at only one end where water is drawn through or diffuses out of the sediment e.g. Arenicola marina (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking
BodyAccretion	Accretion	Build up or accumulation of sediment.	BodyShape
BodyAlgalGravel	Algal gravel	Maerl; twig-like unattached (free-living) calcareous red algae, often a mixture of species and including species which form a spiky cover on loose small stones - 'hedgehog stones'.	BodyShape
BodyForm	Body form	Traits relating to the form, shape and structure of the species	Ecological Descriptors
BodyShape	Body shape	Overall shape of the individual or colony (modular forms)	BodyForm
Browser	Browser	Feeding on parts of plants (e.g. shoots, leaves, twigs) or parts of other organisms (e.g. siphon nipping by fish). (Lincoln et al., 1998).	GrazerBrowser
BuccalOrgansAbsent	Buccal organ absent or occluded	The buccal cavity lacks obvious differentiation of the wall and it is not eversible. Some species if buccal cavity present at all, is only a transient larval structure and becomes completely occluded.	EversiblePharynx
BullateSaccate	Bullate/Saccate	Balloon or sac-like (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape
BurrowBuilder	Burrow builder	An organism that constructs permanent or semi-permanent burrows through physical excavation or chemical action.	HabitatModification
Burrower	Burrower	An organism that moves through the substratum by burrowing or tunneling (e.g. earthworms, polychaetes).	Mobile
Bysso-Pelagic	Bysso-pelagic	Use of a length of byssus thread (e.g. micro-molluscs, juvenile molluscs) or mucus (e.g Nemertesia planulae) to be carried by water flow	Drifter
Calcareous	Calcareous	An organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals)	ReefBuilding
CalcareousSkeleton	Calcareous	Skeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structures	Solid NonSolidCement NonSolidParticlesComp
Calcite	Calcite	crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges.	CalcareousSkeleton
CapitateClubbed	Capitate/Clubbed	Enlarged or swollen at the apex, with a ‘head’, clubbed (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape
Captacula	Captacula	specialist - scaphopods	FeedingApparatus
Carnivore	Carnivore	An organism that feeds on animal tissue/meat.	Heterotroph
CephalicSpines	Cephalic spines	specialist - chaetognaths	FeedingApparatus
Chains	Chains	Forming chains of individuals	BodyShape
Chemoautotroph	Chemoautotroph	An organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Autotroph
Chitinous	Chitinous	composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005).	Solid
Choanocytes	Choanocytes	Special feeding cell of sponges	FeedingApparatus
CiliaFlagella	Cilia/Flagella	Swimming is effected by beating of cilia and or flagella; includes the fused cilia of Ctenophores.	Swimmer
Clathrate	Clathrate	Latticed (Holmes, 1979).	BodyShape
Clawed	Clawed	e.g. Mammals	GraspingPaws
Colonial (e.g. sea birds)	Colonial (e.g. sea birds)	Organisms that come together in large colonies (100 plus individuals) - often in the same area from season to season - usually for breeding purposes	Gregarious
Commensal (with/on/in)	Commensal (with/on/in)	Symbiosis (q.v.) in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply, whilst the other species is not adversely affected (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Symbiotic
ConeHalfSphere	Cone with half sphere	Cone with a half sphere (Olenina et al., 2006).	BodyShape
Conical	Cone (Conical)	Cone shaped e.g. limpet-shaped, patelliform (adapted from Stachowitsch, 1992).	BodyShape
ContactDipping	Contact dipping		Dipping
CoralSands	Coral (or similar) sands	Deposition of sands formed by the breakdown to the skeletons of living organisms	BedForming
CrawlerWalkerClimber	Crawler/Walker/Climber	An organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. Carcinus).	Mobile
Creeper	Creeper	An organism that moves slowly or 'creeps' across the surface of the substratum	Mobile
Cruising	Cruising	copepod / zooplankton specific??	SearcherForager
CrustoseHard	Crustose hard	Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that is solid or resistant to touch or pressure e.g. encrusting coralline algae or sea mats such as Umbonula littoralis.	Encrusting
CrustoseSoft	Crustose soft	Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that yields to the touch or pressure e.g. the gelatinous colonies of Botryllus schlosseri or soft cushions of sponges such as Halichondria sp.	Encrusting
Ctenidia	Ctenidia	e.g bivalve molluscs	Gills
Cushion	Cushion	A mass or pillow of soft material.	Encrusting
Cylindrical	Cylindrical	With straight sides and a circular section (Thompson, 1995).	BodyShape
Dabbling	Dabbling	Seabirds/waders?	SearcherForager
DeOxygenationTolerance	De-Oxygenation Tolerance	Min Value	Ecophysiology
Dendroid	Dendroid	Branching irregularly – similar to that of a root system (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape
Dependancy	Dependency	Description of an organism's relationship with other organisms	ModeOfLife
DepositFeeder	Deposit Feeder	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Detritivore	Detritivore	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Heterotroph
Diel	Diel	Daily, pertaining to a 24 hour period.	Migratory
Digitate	Digitate	Having parts arranged like fingers on a hand (Holmes, 1979).	BodyShape
Dipping	Dipping	seabird specific?	PursuitHunterCooperative
DippingToSurface	Dipping to surface		Dipping
DispersalPotentialAdult	Dispersal potential (adult)	The distance over which the adult organism is able to roam, travel or disperse; the greatest potnetial or recorded distance. Does not acknowledge limitations due to geography, hydrography, or behavioural (territorial) constraints.	Movement
Diving	Diving	Seabird specific?	PursuitHunterCooperative
DoubleCone	Double cone	Double cone (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
DownwardConveyor	Downward conveyor	Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically heads-up at the surface, and that ingest particles at the surface and egest them as faeces at depth in the sediment (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking
Drifter	Drifter	An organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents (e.g. Aurelia).	Mobile
DrivingFishForward	Driving Fish Forward	seabird, cetaceans?	PursuitHunterCooperative
Ecological Descriptors	Ecological Descriptors	Collection of traits relating to species ecology	Marine species traits
EcologicalInteraction	Ecological Interaction	Traits relating to how a species interacts with it's surrounding environment and other associated species.	Ecological Descriptors
Ecophysiology	Ecophysiology	Traits that describe an physiological and environmental tolerance of an organism	Ecological Descriptors
Ectoparasitic	Ectoparasitic	Parasitic on the outer surface of its host (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	Parasite
Encrusting	Encrusting	Forms or resembles a crust over a substratum or other organisms	BodyShape
Endoparasitic	Endoparasitic	Parasitic within the tissues or organs of its host (see Lincoln et al., 1998).	Parasite
Endoskeleton	Endoskeleton	internal structure that supports the body of an organism	SupportingStructuresEnclosures
Erect	Erect	Main visible parts of organism stand upright and above the surface of the substratum.	BodyShape
EversiblePharynx	Eversible pharynx	Pharynx can be everted to engulf and/or seize food items	FeedingApparatus
Exoskeleton	Exoskeleton (including shells)	A rigid external structure that supports and/or protects the body of an organism and that is mainly completely secreted by the epidermis (derived from Lawrence 2005).	SupportingStructuresEnclosures
ExternalTube	External Tube	A built-structure inhabited by an organism and essential to its survival, but not part of its body, composed of hardened (either rigid or flexible) secretions, with or without the addition of embedded particles, with those particles either selectively collected from the environment or passively becoming glued during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.).	SupportingStructuresEnclosures
FaunalBeds	Faunal beds	Dense aggregation of animals that visually dominate the seabed or shore such as brittlestars (e.g. Ophiothrix fragilis ) or mussels (e.g. Mytilus edulis).	BodyShape
Feeding	Feeding	Traits related to how an organism feeds, the food type and feeding method exhibited by a species	Ecological Descriptors
FeedingApparatus	Feeding apparatus	Description of the apparatus (mechanism) used to collect/capture food	Feeding
FeedingMethodBehaviour	Feeding Method/Behaviour	A description of how the oganism gathers food, and from where	Feeding
FilerBasket	Filter basket	Specialist e.g. sea squirts	Gills
Filiform	Filiform	Slender and thread-like (Kozloff, 1996).	BodyShape
Flabellate	Flabellate	Shaped like a fan, fanlike (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape
Flaccid	Flaccid	Soft, limp, flabby (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape
FlattenedEllipsoid	Flattened Ellipsoid	Flattened ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
Flexibility	Flexibility	An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage - High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°)	BodyForm
Floating	Floating	Seabirds/wader	SearcherForager
FlyerFlight	Flyer (Flight)	An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds	Mobile
Foliose	Foliose	Bearing leaves or leaf-like structures; having the appearance of a leaf.	BodyShape
FollowingFishingBoats	Following Fishing Boats	Seabirds	SearcherForager
FoodPiracy	Food Piracy	Stealing food from other birds in flight	PursuitHunterCooperative
FoodTypeDiet	Food Type/Diet	Description of the source of the organisms nurishment, i.e. what it feeds on	Feeding
FootPaddling	Foot Paddling	Seabirds/Wader	SearcherForager
FootStirring	Foot Stirring	Seabirds/Wader	SearcherForager
Forest	Forest	A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna.	Erect
ForestForming	Forest-forming	An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps).	Biogenic
Fragile	Fragile	Likely to break, or crack as a result of physical impact; brittle or friable.	Fragility
Fragility	Fragility	A qualitative estimate of the susceptibility of a species to physical damage.	BodyForm
FreeLiving	Free living	Free living - little modification	HabitatModification
FunnelShaped	Funnel Shaped	Shaped like a funnel	BodyShape
GillRakers	Gill rakers	Specialist - e.g. planktivorous fish such as basking shark	Gills
Gills	Gills	Where the respiratory organs also power and/or provide a feeding apparatus (muco-cilliary feeding)	FeedingApparatus
Glider	Glider	An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish)	Mobile
Globose	Globose	Approximately spherical, ovoid or globular (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape
Gorgonin	Gorgonin	fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony.	Solid
Grasping	Grasping	Tentacles that grab and grasp food items	Tentacles
GraspingClaws	Grasping claws	Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions	ArmsAppendages
GraspingPaws	Grasping paws, hands, feet	Vertebrate hands, feat, paws etc designed to grasp food items using claws, talons etc.	ArmsAppendages
Grazer	Grazer	Feeding on herbage, algae or phytoplankton by consuming the whole plant or the surface growth (Lincoln et al., 1998)	GrazerBrowser
GrazerBrowser	Grazer/Browser	Generally mobile consumers of sessile prey (e.g. plants, hydroids) cropping exposed tissues usually without killing the whole individual or colony.	FeedingMethodBehaviour
GrazerFrondsBlades	Grazer (fronds/blades)	Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock et al., 1999).	Grazer
GrazerGrainsParticles	Grazer (grains / particles)	Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock et al., 1999).	Grazer
GrazerSurfaceSubstratum	Grazer (surface/substratum)	Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock et al., 1999).	Grazer
Gregarious	Gregarious	Living in groups or communities, growing in clusters (Thompson, 1995) - where the organisms actively seek out members of the same species as adult or larvae/juveniles for protection from the environment, predators or for breeding	Sociability
GroundForaging	Ground Foraging	seabirds?	SearcherForager
GrowthForm	Growth form (or type)	Deterministic growth or indeterminate growth resulting in single unitary individuals or modular (colonial) organisms.	BodyForm
GrowthRate	Growth Rate	(expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year)	Ecophysiology
HabitatModification	Habitat modification	A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam et al., 2013).	EcologicalInteraction
HalfCone	Half cone	Half cone (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
HalfConeFlattenedEllipsoid	Half cone with flattened ellipsoid	Half cone with flattened ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
HalfParallelepiped	Half parallelepiped	Half parallelepiped (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
HalfSphereDome	Half sphere (dome)	Half sphere (dome)	BodyShape
Hawking	Hawking		PursuitHunterCooperative
HeightAboveSubstratum	Height (above substratum)	Height above the surface of the substratum of an individual or single modular colony. e.g a blade of seagrass, a seaweed thallus, projecting tube worm, upright sea pen etc.	BodyForm
Herbivore	Herbivore	An organism which only feeds on plants, including phytoplankton.	Heterotroph
Heterotroph	Heterotroph	An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FoodTypeDiet
HighMagnesiumCalcite	High Magnesium Calcite	Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3.	CalcareousSkeleton
Host	Host	An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln et al., 1998).	Support
HoverDipping	Hover dipping		Dipping
Hovering	Hovering	Bird/insect specific	PursuitHunterCooperative
Hydrostatic	Hydrostatic skeleton	Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups.	SupportingStructuresEnclosures
Independant (Free living)	Independant (free living)	Independant, individual organisms	Dependancy
InhalentSiphon	Inhalent siphon	Specialist - modified siphon to capture prey	FeedingApparatus
Inquilinist	Inquilinist	A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980).	Symbiotic
Intermediary	Intermediary	Liable to suffer minor damage, chips or cracks as result of physical impacts.	Fragility
Introvert	Introvert	specialist - sipunculans	FeedingApparatus
JetPropulsion	Jet propulsion	Swimming is effected by contraction of the body or body cavity to produce a 'jet' of water, e.g. medusae and cephalopods (from Barnes et al., 2006)	Swimmer
Jumper/Hopper	Jumper/Hopper	Organisms able to undertake a rapid jump or hop several times their own body length, using specialised limbs or appendages (e.g. sand hoppers, spring tails, grass hoppers etc)	Mobile
Keratinous	Keratinous	composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005).	Solid
Kleptoparasitism	Kleptoparasitism	In which the female of one species steals the food reserves or prey of a female of another species, to feed her own progeny (Lincoln et al., 1998)	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Lanceolate	Lanceolate	Lance shaped and usually elongate (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape
LargeInsectColonies	Large (insect colonies)	Large colonies of indivduals cooperating for mutual benefit, made up of thousnads or more individuals, often with a dominant matriach, e.g. social incests , bees etc.	SocialGroup
Lophophore	Lophophore	Specialist - filter feeding organ e.g. brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans	FeedingApparatus
Lures	Lures	An organism that uses a lure to attract prey within range of its 'pounce' attack	Pouncing
Massive	Massive	Bulky (Homes, 1979).	BodyShape
Mat	Mat	A dense mass which blankets the substratum.	Encrusting
Medusiform	Medusiform/Medusoid	Disk, bell or umbrella shaped and often gelatinous (Barnes et al., 1988).	BodyShape
Migratory	Migration (migratory)	Periodic movement of organisms between alternative habitats e.g. between areas for reproduction and one or more areas of non-reproductive activity, or between areas of foraging and areas used for other activities. Most migrations occur at predictable intervals triggered by stimuli e.g. unfavourable conditions. NB: Movements that do not include an obligatory return journey are classified as dispersal (Baretta-Bekker et al., 1992).	Movement
MixedCalcareousMaterial	Mixed Calcareous Material	Skeleton composed of a mixture of any of aragonite, calcite, high magnesium calcite or amorphous CaCO3	CalcareousSkeleton
Mixotroph	Mixotroph	An organism that exhibts both autotrophy and heterotrophy	FoodTypeDiet
Mobile	Mobile	Capable of movement	Mobility
Mobility	Mobility		Movement
ModeOfLife	Mode of Life	Traits relating to the mode of life a species exhibits	Ecological Descriptors
Modular	Modular	Organisms that grow by the repeated iteration of parts, e.g. the leaves, shoots and branches of a plant, the polyps of a coral or bryozoan. Modular organisms are almost always branched, though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent (Begon et al., 2005).	Growth Form
Monoraphidioid	Monoraphidioid	Resembling a crescent moon (see Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
MouthParts	Mouth parts	Traits that describes specialized mouth parts	FeedingApparatus
Movement	Movement	Traits relating to the movement of the species	Ecological Descriptors
MucusMesh	Mucus mesh or net	Secretion of a simple or complex mucus mesh to filter food particles from water column (e.g polychaetes Chaetopterus and larvaceans.	FeedingApparatus
Muscular Contraction (body length)	Muscular contraction (body length)	Swimming is effected by muscular contractions along the length of the body, which may be aided by body protrusions or structures (e.g. parapodia, fins).	Swimmer
MuscularAxialProboscis	Muscular axial proboscis	The proboscis has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted. While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso-ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross.	EversiblePharynx
MutualistMutualism	Mutualist (mutualism)	A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln et al., 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite).	Symbiotic
NonMigratoryResident	Non-migratory (resident)	Remaining within the same area (from Lincoln et al.,1998).	Migratory
NonSolidCement	Non-solid; cement	component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together.	Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube
NonSolidParticlesComp	Non-solid; particles	small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges.	Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube
NonTerritorial	Non-Territorial	Independent without a defined territory	Solitary
Nonfeeding	Non-Feeding	Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph)	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Omnivore	Omnivore	An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln et al., 1998).	Heterotroph
OntogeneticMigration	Ontogenetic migration	Different life stages migrate into different habitats, or part of habitat (e.g. copepods) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Migratory
OpenEndedVentilation	Open-ended ventilation	Organisms that live in a 'U' or 'Y' shaped burrow where water is drawn through the burrow (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking
OralPodia	Oral podia	Specialist - modified tube feet in holothurians	Tentacles
Organic	Organic	(1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules.	NonSolidCement
Other	Other		Drifter
OvalCylinder	Oval cylinder	An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
Palps	Palps	Specialist - Protobranch molluscs	Tentacles
Papillae	Papillae or tube feet	Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids).	ArmsAppendages
ParallelepipedRhomboid	Parallelepiped (rhomboid)	In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning)	BodyShape
Parasite	Parasitic	An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln et al., 1998)	Dependancy
ParasiticFeeding	Parasitic	An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent.	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Parasitoid	Parasitoid	An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Passive	Passive	Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999).	SuspensionFeeder
PassiveDrifter	Passive drifter	Movement dependent on wind or water currents	Drifter
Pattering	Pattering	seabirds/wader	SearcherForager
Penicillate	Penicillate	Brush like (Prescott ,1969).	BodyShape
Phagocytosis	Phagocytosis	Engulfing prey/food item in cytoplasm	FeedingApparatus
Phosphatic	Phosphatic	composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates.	Solid
Photoautotroph	Photoautotroph	An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	Autotroph
PhotosyntheticPigment	Photosynthetic pigment(s)		Ecophysiology
PickingfromWaterSurface	Picking from the water surface	Seabirds/wader	SearcherForager
PiercingToxic	Piercing	Specialist - modified radula used to inject toxins, e.g. cone shells	Radulae
Pinnate	Pinnate	Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape
PinnateBranching	Pinnate or branching	Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism	Tentacles
Pisciform	Pisciform	Fish-like	BodyShape
PlungeDiving	Plunge Diving		Plunging
Plunging	Plunging	Seabird specific?	PursuitHunterCooperative
Pouncing	Pouncing	An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range.	Ambusher
Predator	Predator (Hunter)	Predatory behaviour in which one animal species captures a member of another species (Lincoln et al., 1998). OR mobile animals that attack kill and consume individual prey items, usually one at a time.	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Probing	Probing	seabirds/wader	SearcherForager
PursuitDiving	Pursuit Diving		Diving
PursuitHunterCooperative	Pursuit hunter (co-operative)	An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc	Predator
PursuitHunterIndividual	Pursuit Hunter (individual)	An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds)	Predator
PursuitPlunging	Pursuit Plunging		Plunging
Radial	Radial	Symmetrical about any plane passed perpendicular to the oral/aboral axis (Barnes et al., 1993).	BodyShape
Radulae	Radulae	Specialist - protrusile anterior region of digestive tract; refers to chitinized teeth along the radular membrane (Stachowitsch, 1992).	FeedingApparatus
Rasping	Rasping	specialist - rasping radulla of grazing molluscs	Radulae
ReefBuilding	Reef-building	An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. Sabellaria) or its skeleton (e.g. corals).	Biogenic
Regenerator	Regenerator	Organisms that excavate and maintain burrows in the sediment, which result in sediment transport from depth to the surface (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012.	SedimentReworking
Reticulate	Reticulate	In the form of a mesh or net (Prescott, 1969).	BodyShape
Robust	Robust	Unlikely to be damaged as a result of physical impacts, e.g. hard or tough enough to withstand impact, or leathery or wiry enough to resist impact.	Fragility
RotationalEllipsoid	Rotational ellipsoid	Rotational ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
Saprophage	Saprophage	An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln et al., 1998).	Heterotroph
Scavenger	Scavenger	An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	FeedingMethodBehaviour
SearcherForager	Searcher/Forager	Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish	Predator
SeasonalEnvironment	Seasonal (environment)	A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions.	Migratory
SeasonalFeeding	Seasonal (feeding)	A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds	Migratory
SeasonalReproduction	Seasonal (reproduction)	A seasonal migration in order to reproduce.	Migratory
SedimentReworking	Sediment reworking	Description of how an organism modifies or changes the physico-chemical nature of the habitat itself, e.g sediment reworking, deposition of faeces, or burrowing	HabitatModification
Seizing	Seizing	Seabird specific - probably not - large predators that pounce and grab also	PursuitHunterCooperative
Sessile	Sessile	Non-motile; permanently attached at the base (Lincoln et al., 1998) (e.g. Caryophyllia).	Mobility
Setose	Setose (Hairy)	Appendages (arms, specialisted mothparts) used to capture suspended particulates	ArmsAppendages
ShallowPlunging	Shallow plunging		Plunging
Shrub	Shrub	Having a very short stem with branches near the ground (Thompson, 1995).	Erect
Siliceous	Siliceous	composed of silicon based spines, spicules or lattice, e.g. siliceous or glass sponges	Solid
SimpleAxialProboscis	Simple axial proboscis	A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction.	EversiblePharynx
Skimming	Skimming	seabirds/wader	SearcherForager
SmallTribePridePackPod	Small (tribe/pride/pack/pod)	Small group of individuals that work together for mutual benefit, often held together by familial (matriarchal/patriarchal) bonds (e.g. a pack or wolves, a pod of dolphin, a pride of lions, a tribe of humans).	SocialGroup
Snatching	Snatching		Ambusher
Sociability	Sociability	Traits that describe an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species.	ModeOfLife
SocialGroup	Social group	Cooperative groups of the same species - e.g. social insects, mammals	Sociability
Solid	Solid	massive structure, e.i. not consisting of loose agglutinated particles.	Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube
Solitary	Solitary	Living alone, not gregarious (Thompson 1995).	Sociability
Sphere	Sphere (spherical)	A sphere or globe	BodyShape
Sponginous	Sponginous	composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005).	Solid
Stacks	Stacks	Stacks of indivudal cells/frustules (e.g. in diatoms), like a pack of cards.	BodyShape
Stellate	Stellate	Arranged like a star.	BodyShape
StickyMucus	Sticky or mucus covered	Tentacles used to collect particluate food (e.g. polychaete deposit feeders)	Tentacles
Stinging	Stinging	Tentacles that bear stinging cells to catch, subdue prey (e.g. Cnidaria)	Tentacles
Straplike	Straplike/Ribbonlike	In the form of a strap or ribbon.	BodyShape
StunAttack	Stun attack	An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp)	Ambusher
Substratum	Substratum	An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship.	Support
SubsurfaceDepositFeeder	Sub-surface deposit feeder	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. Echinocardium cordatum) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	DepositFeeder
SubsurfaceSeizing	Subsurface seizing		Seizing
Suctorial	Suctorial (sucker bearing)	Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods)	ArmsAppendages
Support	Support	An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota.	ModeOfLife
SupportingStructuresEnclosures	Supporting Structures and Enclosures	Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005).	BodyForm
SurfaceDabbling	Surface dabbling		Dabbling
SurfaceDepositFeeder	Surface deposit feeder	An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. Corophium volutator) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	DepositFeeder
SurfaceDipping	Surface dipping		Dipping
SurfaceDiving	Surface Diving		Diving
SurfacePlunging	Surface plunging		Plunging
SurfaceSeizing	Surface seizing		Seizing
SuspensionFeeder	Suspension feeder	Organisms that strain food from the surrounding water. They can range in complexity from sponges and corals to baleen whales. They live on organisms or debris that drifts past them, or they seek out small floating or swimming organisms (Charton, 2001).	FeedingMethodBehaviour
Swimmer	Swimmer	An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. Gadus, Loligo).	Mobile
Swimming	Swimming	Seabirds/wader	SearcherForager
SymbiontContribution	Symbiont contribution	Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. Anemonia with zooxanthellae).	Heterotroph
Symbiotic	Symbiotic	An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998)	Dependancy
Tadpole	Tadpole	Having the body form of a tadpole i.e. consisting of a round head with a tail.	BodyShape
Talons	Talons	e.g. birds	GraspingPaws
TempRange	Temperature range tolerated	Min/Max Value	Ecophysiology
TemporaryAttachment	Temporary attachment	An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. Actinia).	Mobile
Tentacles	Tentacles	A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED).	FeedingApparatus
Territorial	Territorial	Independent but maintains a defined territory	Solitary
Trapezoid	Trapezoid/Trapezium	a convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American and Canadian English but as a trapezium in English	BodyShape
Traps	Traps	An organism that uses traps such as sticky threads or webbing (e.g. spiders)	Ambusher
TruncatedCone	Truncated cone	Cone with flattended top (Olenina et al., 2006)	BodyShape
Tubicolous	Tube dwelling (tubicolous)	An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc).	HabitatModification
Turbinate	Turbinate	Whorled (Brusca, 1980).	BodyShape
Turf	Turf	The lowest stratum of erect branching or filiform species.	Erect
UnderwaterSeizing	Underwater seizing		Seizing
UnderwaterSwimming	Underwater swimming		Swimming
Unitary	Unitary	Organisms that grow by a determinate pathway of development of a tightly canalized adult form, e.g. all arthropods and vertebrates (from Begon et al., 2005).	Growth Form
UpwardsConveyor	Upward conveyor	Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically head-down at depth in the sediment, and that transport particles from depth to the sediment surface (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).	SedimentReworking
Variable	Variable	mixed and variable material	NonSolidParticlesComp
VentralBuccalOrgan	Ventral buccal organ	variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral proboscis and is the most common form in Polychaetes. The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad, the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present.	EversiblePharynx
VentralMuscularProboscis	Ventral muscular proboscis	The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are separated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae.	EversiblePharynx
Vermiform	Vermiform	Worm-like	BodyShape
VermiformAnnulated	Vermiform annulated	Worm like but lacking true segments although annuli may be present, e.g. roundworms (Nematoda) and ribbon worms (Nemertea).	Vermiform
VermiformSegmented	Vermiform segmented	Worm-like with the body divided into semi-independent, serially repeated units (Barnes et al., 1993) e.g. Annelida.	Vermiform
VermiformUnsegmented	Vermiform Unsegmented	Worm-like where the external surface is divided into a chain of rings or 'annuli' by furrows giving the appearance of segments (Barnes et al., 1993).	Vermiform
WadinginShallowWater	Wading in shallow water		SearcherForager
Whiplike	Whiplike	In the form of a whip.	BodyShape

Species_Importance_To_Society

Species Importance To Society 

wikipagename	Label	Definition	Is trait of
Absent	Absent	Species that were reported at some time to be present but were not recorded subsequently are reported to be ‘Absent’.	Occurrence
Abundance	Abundance	Abundance and population trends of species populations have been recorded where this information was available.	Introduced Species Catalog
AbundanceAndDistributionOfMarineMammals	Abundance and Distribution of marine mammals (M4)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Adverse habitat modification	Adverse habitat modification	Where the species physically alters the nature of the strata/habitat.	Impact
Alien	Alien	Species introduced by man into places out of their natural range of distribution.	Origin
Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles	Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles	Where the species alters the nature of chemical or water cycles.	Impact
Alters trophic interactions	Alters trophic interactions	Where the species alters food web dynamics.	Impact
Aquaculture: accidental	Aquaculture: accidental	Alien and potentially invasive species that have accidentally escaped from containment/ aquaculture facility into the wild.	Pathways/vector
Aquaculture: deliberate	Traits:Pathways/vector	Alien and potentially invasive species that have been intentionally introduced for aquaculture.	Pathways/vector
Aquatic transport	Aquatic transport	Where the species alters boat traffic or impedes ability of boats to navigate waterways.	Impact
Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release	Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release	Where an introduction of a bio-control agent results in an unintentional introduction of an invasive species (which is carried directly on the bio-control agent itself or along with habitat material associated with the bio-control agent).	Pathways/vector
Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent	Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent	Where a species (i.e. a bio-control agent) introduced to control a pest, weed or invasive species becomes a problem itself.	Pathways/vector
BirdsDirective	Birds Directive	Europe is home to more than 500 wild bird species. But at least 32 % of the EU's bird species are currently not in a good conservation status. The Birds Directive aims to protect all of the 500 wild bird species naturally occurring in the European Union.	Species Importance To Society
BirdsDirectiveAnnex1	Birds Directive Annex 1	194 species and sub-species are particularly threatened. Member States must designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for their survival and all migratory bird species.	BirdsDirective
BirdsDirectiveAnnex2	Birds Directive Annex 2	82 bird species can be hunted. However, the hunting periods are limited and hunting is forbidden when birds are at their most vulnerable: during their return migration to nesting areas, reproduction and the raising of their chicks.	BirdsDirective
BirdsDirectiveAnnex3	Birds Directive Annex 3	Overall, activities that directly threaten birds, such as their deliberate killing, capture or trade, or the destruction of their nests, are banned. With certain restrictions, Member States can allow some of these activities for 26 species listed here.	BirdsDirective
BirdsDirectiveAnnex4	Birds Directive Annex 4	The directive provides for the sustainable management of hunting but Member States must outlaw all forms of non-selective and large scale killing of birds, especially the methods listed in this annex.	BirdsDirective
BirdsDirectiveAnnex5	Birds Directive Annex 5	The directive promotes research to underpin the protection, management and use of all species of birds covered by the Directive, which are listed in this annex.	BirdsDirective
Border Intercept	Border Intercept	Species that have been intercepted at borders as a result of detection procedures.	Occurrence
CITES	CITES	CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation.	Species Importance To Society
CITESAppendixI	CITES Appendix I	Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II, paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition.	CITES
CITESAppendixII	CITES Appendix II	Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention)	CITES
CITESAppendixIII	CITES Appendix III	Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention)	CITES
Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals	Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals	Where a canal, by joining two bodies of water which were not originally naturally joined, becomes a conduit for invasive species migration to a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay	Change in average trophic level of marine predators in the Bay of Biscay (FW4)	Common in OSPAR Region IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
ChangesInBiodiversityIndex	Changes in biodiversity index(s) (PH3)	Common in OSPAR Region III	OSPARCommonIndicators
ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio	Changes in plankton functional types (life form) index Ratio (PH1/FW5)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Common	Common	A species with is abundant or present at moderate or relatively moderate densities.	Abundance
Common to dominant	Common to dominant	A species which is found in relatively moderate to high densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).	Abundance
ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities	Condition of Benthic Habitat Communities (BH2)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)	Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)	Where the species preys on native fauna or grazes on native flora.	Impact
CriticallyEndangered	Critically Endangered (CR)	A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.	IUCNRedList
Damage to marine structures or archaeology	Damage to marine structures or archaeology	Where the species degrades marine infrastructures or archaeological sites.	Impact
DataDeficient	Data Deficient (DD)	A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.	IUCNRedList
Debris: transport of species on human generated debris	Debris: transport of species on human generated debris	Where floating rafts of man-made materials become vectors for an invasive species.	Pathways/vector
Detected in invasion pathway	Detected in invasion pathway	Species detected in invasion pathways for example in ballast water, or as a hull-fouling organism.	Occurrence
Detected in the wild	Detected in the wild	Species that have been recorded as present in the wild with no further information.	Occurrence
Dominant	Dominant	A species which is very abundant or present at high densities or relatively high densities.	Abundance
Endangered	Endangered (EN)	A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.	IUCNRedList
Eradicated	Eradicated	Species that have been subject to an eradication event and have been confirmed as eradicated.	Occurrence
Eradication unconfirmed	Eradication unconfirmed	Species that have been subject to an eradication event but have not been confirmed as eradicated.	Occurrence
Established	Established	Species that have become established in their introduced range.	Occurrence
Established and expanding	Established and expanding	Species that have become established in their introduced range and are known to be increasing in abundance and expanding their range.	Occurrence
Established and stable	Established and stable	Species that have become established in their introduced range but are not known to be spreading aggressively.	Occurrence
ExtentOfPhysicalDamageToPredominantAndSpecialHabitats	Extent of Physical Damage to Predominant and Special Habitats (BH3)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Extinct	Extinct (EX)	A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.	IUCNRedList
ExtinctInTheWild	Extinct in the Wild (EW)	A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.	IUCNRedList
Extirpated	Extirpated	Species that were present but have been declared extinct.	Occurrence
FAOASFISSpeciesForFisheryStatisticsPurposes	FAO-ASFIS: Species for Fishery Statistics Purposes	The FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information Branch (FIAS) collates world capture and aquaculture production statistics at either the species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels in 2 346 statistical categories (2019 data release) referred to as species items. ASFIS list of species includes 12 771 species items selected according to their interest or relation to fisheries and aquaculture. For each species item stored in a record, codes (ISSCAAP group, taxonomic and 3-alpha) and taxonomic information (scientific name, author(s), family, and higher taxonomic classification) are provided. An English name is available for most of the records, and about one third of them have also a French and Spanish name. Information is also provided about the availability of fishery production statistics on the species item in the FAO databases.	Species Importance To Society
Fisheries: accidental as bait	Fisheries: accidental as bait	This is where an invasive species is used as a bait resulting in its introduction into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish	Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish	Where in the process of stocking a fishery an associated invasive species is unintentionally introduced into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate	Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate	Where an invasive species is unintentionally introduced into a new area/region as a result of the movement of fishery related products or materials (ie: not the direct movement of fisheries stock).	Pathways/vector
Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery	Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery	Where an invasive species is intentionally introduced into a new area/region for the purpose of stocking/replenishing/establishing a fishery industry based on the invasive species.	Pathways/vector
Fluctuating	Fluctuating	A species which exhibits fluctuating densities (either undefined in the literature or otherwise not mentioned in the abundance terms/parameters described here).	Abundance
Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression	Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression	Where the species degrades native genetic resources (by hybridizing with native fauna/flora).	Impact
GreySealPupProduction	Grey seal pup production (M5)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III	OSPARCommonIndicators
HabitatsDirective	Habitats Directive	The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) ensures the conservation of a wide range of rare, threatened or endemic animal and plant species. Some 200 rare and characteristic habitat types are also targeted for conservation in their own right. All in all, over 1.000 animal and plant species, as well as 200 habitat types, listed in the directive's annexes are protected in various ways.	Species Importance To Society
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexI	Habitats Directive Annex I	(needs a definition)	HabitatsDirective
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexII	Habitats Directive Annex II	Annex II species (about 900): core areas of their habitat are designated as sites of Community importance (SCIs) and included in the Natura 2000 network. These sites must be managed in accordance with the ecological needs of the species.	HabitatsDirective
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIII	Habitats Directive Annex III	(needs a definition)	HabitatsDirective
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIV	Habitats Directive Annex IV	Annex IV species (over 400, including many annex II species): a strict protection regime must be applied across their entire natural range within the EU, both within and outside Natura 2000 sites.	HabitatsDirective
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexV	Habitats Directive Annex V	Annex V species (over 90): Member States must ensure that their exploitation and taking in the wild is compatible with maintaining them in a favourable conservation status.	HabitatsDirective
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexVI	Habitats Directive Annex VI	(needs a definition)	HabitatsDirective
Human health	Human health	Where the species impacts human health.	Impact
IUCNRedList	IUCN Red List	Provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction. http://www.iucnredlist.org/	Species Importance To Society
Impact	Impact	Information on the impact of introduced and invasive marine species has been recorded. These include impacts on native species, their habitats and ecosystems, human health and activity, transmission of diseases, etc. Descriptive terms of impacts were standardized and listed in a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005).	Introduced Species Catalog
In captivity/cultivated	In captivity/cultivated	Species that have been introduced and maintained in captivity or cultivated for example those species that are farmed in aquaculture or mariculture facilities.	Occurrence
Individual release: accidental release by individuals	Individual release: accidental release by individuals	This describes any situation in which an invasive species is "accidentally" set free in the wild from aquaria sources leading to its introduction into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
Individual release: deliberate release by individuals	Individual release: deliberate release by individuals	This describes any situation in which an invasive species is intentionally planted or set free in the wild leading to its introduction into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses	Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses	Where the species affects the behaviour of native species.	Impact
Introduced Species Catalog	Introduced Species Catalog	Terms and definitions used in the World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRIMS).	Species Importance To Society
Introduced country and/or sea area	Introduced country and/or sea area	Country or sea area that is recorded as the known introduced range of the species.	Location Type
Introduction unverified	Introduction unverified	Species whose presence is uncertain, maybe reported as present anecdotally but not confirmed.	Occurrence
Invasive	Invasive	Species that are known to be invasive- those species in whose cases evidence of impact has been recorded or which is spreading aggressively.	Invasiveness
Invasiveness	Invasiveness	Terms used to describe 'Invasiveness' of species.	Introduced Species Catalog
Invasiveness Not specified	Invasiveness Not specified	A species whose 'invasiveness' has not been specified in its introduced range. The species is known to be present and has been reported but there is no comment on its invasiveness.	Invasiveness
Invasiveness Uncertain	Invasiveness Uncertain	Species whose invasiveness is uncertain.	Invasiveness
LeastConcern	Least Concern (LC)	A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.	IUCNRedList
Locally common	Locally common	A species which is observed to have a patchy distribution in terms of being common only at some locations.	Abundance
Location Type	Location Type	Three location types have been recorded to describe the native range and known introduced range of the species	Introduced Species Catalog
Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain	Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain	Where the species reduces aquaculture harvest or commercial/recreational gain.	Impact
Loss of public/tourist amenity	Loss of public/tourist amenity	Where the species degrades amenities associated with public/tourist sites.	Impact
MSFDIndicators	MSFD Indicators	Species that comprise indicators or components of indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm), with emphasis on Descriptors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6.	Species Importance To Society
Management recorded	Management recorded	Species for which some management action including prevention has been recorded in its introduced range.	Invasiveness
MarineBirdAbundance	Marine bird abundance (B1)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
MarineBirdBreedingSuccessFailure	Marine Bird Breeding Success / Failure (B3)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
MarineMammalBycatch	Marine mammal bycatch (M6)	Common in OSPAR Region II	OSPARCommonIndicators
Monoculture	Monoculture	A species which exists to the exclusion of all other species including dense mats or in 100% of survey counts.	Abundance
Native	Native	Species that is native to the country or sea area.	Origin
Native - Endemic	Native - Endemic	Species that is native and endemic to a country or sea area i.e. a species that is unique to a location or habitat.	Origin
Native - Non-endemic	Native - Non-endemic	Species that is native to an area but is not endemic to it i.e. a species that has a wide native range.	Origin
Native country and/or native sea area	Native country and/or native sea area	Country or sea area which is the native range of the species.	Location Type
Natural dispersal	Natural dispersal	Where an invasive species migrates from a known introduced location to a new area/region using a natural mode/mechanism of dispersal; as the original location is part of its introduced range this pathway is included here.	Pathways/vector
NearThreatened	Near Threatened (NT)	A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.	IUCNRedList
Not invasive	Not invasive	Species that has not demonstrated any invasive traits in its introduced range.	Invasiveness
NotEvaluated	Not Evaluated (NE)	A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.	IUCNRedList
OSPARCommonIndicators	OSPAR Biodiversity Common Indicators	The common indicators agreed by OSPAR for assessing the status of biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic cover marine mammals, seabirds, fish communities, seafloor habitats, pelagic habitats, non-indigenous species and food webs. The biodiversity common indicators contributed assessments of the status biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic to the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. The assessments are published in the OSPAR Assessment Portal. The indicators are based on information from monitoring programmes described in the Coordinated Environment Monitoring Programme (CEMP). The programmes are described in the Appendices to the CEMP Agreement. Detailed descriptions, including method descriptions for the indicator calculations, are included in the CEMP Guideline Agreements.	Species Importance To Society
OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats	OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats	The OSPAR Biological Diversity and Ecosystems Strategy sets out that the OSPAR Commission will assess which species and habitats need to be protected. This OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats has been developed to fulfil this commitment. It is based upon nominations by Contracting Parties and observers to the Commission of species and habitats that they consider to be priorities for protection.	Species Importance To Society
OSPARRegionIArcticWaters	OSPAR Region I: Arctic Waters	Region I is the most northerly OSPAR region, characterised by its harsh climate and ice coverage although the ecosystems of this region are still rich. In spite of its low population density, human activities such as fishing and offshore petroleum production remain significant.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats
OSPARRegionIIGreaterNorthSea	OSPAR Region II: Greater North Sea	The Greater North Sea is one of the busiest maritime areas. Offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and maritime traffic are very important. Two of the world's largest ports are situated on the North Sea coast, and the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats
OSPARRegionIIICelticSeas	OSPAR Region III: Celtic Seas	The Celtic Seas region contains wide variations in coastal topography, from fjordic sea lochs, to sand dunes, bays, estuaries and numerous sandy beaches. The large range of habitats in the region supports a diverse fish fauna. Although traditional maritime activities, such as fishing, take place in the Celtic Seas, there is ongoing development of tourism.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats
OSPARRegionIVBayOfBiscayAndIberianCoast	OSPAR Region IV: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast	The bottom topography of Region IV and coastlines are highly diversified, including the continental shelf and slope and parts of the abyssal plain. Ecosystems in Region IV are very rich, support a rich fish fauna and have a particular importance for migratory birds. Main human activities in Region IV are fishing, maritime transport and tourism.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats
OSPARRegionVWiderAtlantic	OSPAR Region V: Wider Atlantic	Region V represents the deep waters of the North-East Atlantic extending across the abyssal plain and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and including many seamounts. There have been recent discoveries of a number of different fragile deep-sea habitats (such as hydrothermal vents, carbonate mounds, coral gardens and sponge communities). Human population in the region is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. The main human activities are fishing and maritime transport.	OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats
Occurrence	Occurrence	Terms used to describe 'Occurrence' of species.	Introduced Species Catalog
Occurrence Not specified	Occurrence Not specified	Species which may be listed as alien or introduced but whose occurrence has not been specified.	Occurrence
Of concern	Of concern	Species that are demonstrating aggressive spread and there is concern about its spread OR species where some concern has been recorded- this may be due to known records of its invasiveness and impacts in other areas of their known introduced range.	Invasiveness
Origin	Origin	Terms used to describe the 'Origin' of species.	Introduced Species Catalog
Origin uncertain	Origin uncertain	Species whose biological status is uncertain i.e. it is uncertain if the species is native or alien to the location.	Origin
Origin unknown	Origin unknown	Species whose origins cannot be verified OR a species whose origin has not been specified in the source information.	Origin
Other impact - undefined or uncertain	Other impact - undefined or uncertain	Where the species has a known but undefined or uncertain impact.	Impact
Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space	Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space	Where the species dominates or outcompetes native species for resources and/or space.	Impact
Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite	Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite	Where the species is a pathogen/parasite of native species or carrier of a pathogen/parasite which infects/parasitizes native species.	Impact
Pathway/vector Other	Pathway/vector Other	In cases where pathway/vector is not specified/ cases of novel pathways/vectors.	Pathways/vector
Pathway/vector Unknown	Pathway/vector Unknown	Unknown mechanisms of introduction were represented by a blank cell.	Pathways/vector
Pathways/vector	Pathways/vector	One of the most important types of information in the practical approach to prevention and management of biological invasions is the identity of the pathways of introduction and details of vectors. These are necessary for the prevention of introduction of potentially invasive species and also for the containment of further spread of established invasions. Information on pathways and vectors of introduction of alien species has been recorded for the listed species where information was available. Descriptive terms describing pathways and vectors were standardized and listed as a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005).	Introduced Species Catalog
PlanktonBiomassAndOrAbundance	Plankton biomass and/or abundance (PH2)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations	Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations	This refers to invasive plant species which are unintentionally introduced into a new area/region carried on or with the habitat material of some intentionally planted flora.	Pathways/vector
Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species	Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species	This refers to plant species which are planted intentionally for some purpose resulting in the introduction of an invasive plant into a new area/region (e.g. for erosion control).	Pathways/vector
Present/controlled	Present/controlled	Species that are known to be present in their introduced range and are subject to some control option.	Occurrence
ProportionOfLargeFish	Proportion of large fish (Large Fish Index) (FC2)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III	OSPARCommonIndicators
Rare	Rare	A species which is present at low or relatively low densities; used to describe single occurrences of the species where appropriate.	Abundance
Rare to common	Rare to common	A species which is found in relatively low to moderate densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).	Abundance
Rare to dominant	Rare to dominant	A species which is fluctuates between relatively low to high densities (accounts for such phenomena as population explosions).	Abundance
Recorded in error	Recorded in error	Species that have reported or recorded in error.	Occurrence
RecoveryInThePopulationAbundanceOfSensitiveFishSpecies	Recovery in the population abundance of sensitive fish species (FC1)	Common in OSPAR Region II, III	OSPARCommonIndicators
Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment	Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment	Where the movement of recreational equipment by humans results in the introduction of an invasive species into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
Reported	Reported	Species that are 'reported' to be present but with no further information.	Occurrence
Scientific research: accidental release with research activities	Scientific research: accidental release with research activities	Where research activities result in the unintentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities	Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities	Where research activities result in the intentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region.	Pathways/vector
SealAbundanceAndDistribution	Seal Abundance and Distribution (M3)	Common in OSPAR Region II	OSPARCommonIndicators
Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the surface of a seaplane.	Pathways/vector
Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms	This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the hull of a ship.	Pathways/vector
Ships: accidental associated with cargo	Ships: accidental associated with cargo	This refers to invasive species which are associated with internal ship cargo.	Pathways/vector
Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins	Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins	This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a fluid nature.	Pathways/vector
Ships: accidental with solid ballast	Ships: accidental with solid ballast	This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a solid nature.	Pathways/vector
Ships: general	Ships: general	This accounts for an invasive species which has been vectored by a ship but the exact mechanism of action (ie: ballast, hull or cargo) has been unidentified in the literature.	Pathways/vector
SizeCompositionInFishCommunities	Size composition in fish communities (FW3)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Sometimes present	Sometimes present	Species that are reported as present but only 'sometimes'.	Occurrence
Source country and/or sea area	Source country and/or sea area	Country or sea area which is the known source area of the introduced species or population. The source area could be the native range of the species or a known introduced range.	Location Type
Species Importance To Society	Species' Importance to Society		Marine species traits
TrendsInNewRecordsOfNonIndigenousSpeciesIntroducedByHumanActivities	Trends in New Records of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) Introduced by Human Activities (NIS)	Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
TypicalSpeciesComposition	Typical species composition (BH1)	Common in OSPAR Region IV	OSPARCommonIndicators
Vulnerable	Vulnerable (VU)	A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.	IUCNRedList
Water abstraction or nuisance fouling	Water abstraction or nuisance fouling	Where the species alters water levels or causes nuisance fouling on boats/water structures.	Impact

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