Portal:THESEUS/Hel Peninsula

Location of the Polish study site (Hel Peninsula)

Hel Peninsula is located in the south Baltic Sea, in the west part of the Gulf of Gdańsk (see Fig. 1). The Peninsula separates the outer waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk from its inner part where the harbours of Gdańsk and Gdynia are situated. These harbours are sheltered by Hel Peninsula against the wave impact from the northern sector (as well as from north-east in the case of Gdynia harbour). Hel Peninsula shores on the open sea side are most exposed to wave attack from N-E sector. The Puck Bay, located SW from the shores of Hel Peninsula, constitutes the westernmost inner part of the Gulf of Gdańsk (Fig. 1).
Inhabited permanently by about 10 000 people, Hel Peninsula is visited by more than 1 million tourists every year. With the area of about 32 km², the Peninsula has the population density of ca. 313 inhabitants per square kilometre which is much more than the average in Poland (123 persons/km² in 2011). The seasonal increase of number of people on Hel Peninsula leads to many conflicts between local stakeholders, e.g. between ecologists and representatives of tourism-related business. The communication of Hel Peninsula towns and villages with Władysławowo located at the Peninsula root is provided by one road and one railway line which not only serve tourists and the local inhabitants, but are also the only supply lines for numerous institutions and companies situated there.

Observed for tens of years, coastal erosive phenomena constitute a serious threat to the supply lines and other objects located in the vicinity of the shoreline. Therefore, protection of the seashore of Hel Peninsula is extremely important and absolutely necessary. The protection used to be based on a groin system, stretching along a 10 km long shore segment from the Hel Peninsula root. The groins were constructed in 1946-1969 as timber palisades, each about 60 m long, spaced from each other by about 90 m. They were intended to mitigate erosion on the lee side of the harbour of Władysławowo, the breakwaters of which had disturbed the natural longshore sediment flux. Because of unsatisfactory efficiency of the groins, artificial beach nourishment was implemented in the eighties of the 20th century. The nourishment has been carried out till now and slightly mitigated the erosive processes at the site. The groins, coexisting with artificial beach fills, are subject to gradual damage manifested by loss of piles at various sections of the structures. The above mentioned coastal protection system is supplemented by a seawall at the lee side of the Władysławowo harbour and light revetments (the gabion structures built into artificial dunes).