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| | ==Application and use of underwater video== | | ==Application and use of underwater video== |
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| − | [[Image:UWVideo_Boutan.jpg|thumb|450px|left|Figure 1: Louis Boutan, the first published underwater photographer pioneered not only photography, but diving equipment in general.]] This article is about the history and application of underwater video. Related articles are [[underwater video systems]], which is about equipment of underwater video systems; and [[video technology]], which deals with video as such. Video imaging in wells and boreholes is similar to underwater video, but puts constraints on the shape and size of the equipment, as does for example underwater video in sewer pipes, nuclear power plants or fish tanks. | + | [[Image:300px-Paracelsus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) |
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| − | From the start, underwater video has been used for marine biological studies (see also Figure 3). It may be abundance (Smith & Papadopoulou, 2003<ref name="Smith">Smith, C. J., Papadopoulou, K.-N. (2003); Burrow density and stock size fluctuations of Nephrops norvegicus in a semi-enclosed bay; ICES Journal of Marine Science; 60, pp. 798–805</ref>; Moser et al, 1998<ref name="Moser">Moser, M. L., Auster P. J., Bichy, J. B. (1998); Effects of mat morphology on large Sargassum-associated fishes: observations from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and free-floating video camcorders; Environmental Biology of Fishes; 51, pp. 391–398</ref>) behavioural studies (Grémillet et al, 2006<ref name="Gremillet>Grémillet, D., Enstipp, M. R., Boudiffa, M., Liu, H. (2006); Do cormorants injure fish without eating them? An underwater video study; Marine Biology; 148, pp. 1081–1087 </ref>; Esteve, 2007<ref name="Esteve"> Esteve, M. (2007);Two examples of fixed behavioural patterns in salmonines: female false spawning and male digging; Journal of Ethology; 25:1, pp. 63-70</ref>) [[habitat mapping]] (Ryan et al, 2007<ref name="Ryan"> Ryan, D. A., Brooke, B. P., Collins, L. B., Kendrick, G. A., Baxter, K. J., Bickers, A. N., Siwabessy, P. J. W., Pattiaratchi, C. B. (2007); The influence of geomorphology and sedimentary processes on shallow-water benthic habitat distribution: Esperance Bay, Western Australia; Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science; 72:1-2, pp. 379-386</ref>; Abdo et al, 2004<ref name="Abdo">Abdo, D., Burgess, G., Coleman, K. (2004); Surveys of benthic reef communities using underwater video; Long-term monitoring of the great Barrier reef Standard Operational Procedure Number 2, 3rd Revised Edition; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 2004; ISBN0-64232231</ref>)
| + | <u>'''Everything is toxic...'''</u> |
| − | studies of [[Impact of fisheries on coastal systems|fishing]] and [[Effects of fisheries on European marine biodiversity|trawling]] (Zhou & Shirley (1997<ref name="Zhou">Zhou, S. Shirley T. C. (1997); Performance of two red king crab pot designs; Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences / Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques; 54, pp 1858–1864</ref>; Cooper and Hickey, 1987<ref name="Cooper">Cooper, C., Hickey, W. (1987); Selectivity experiments with square mesh cod-ends on haddock and cod; IEEE OCEANS; 19, pp. 608-613</ref>)
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| − | and whether the seabed is damaged or not by it (Vorbeg, 2000<ref name="Vorberg">Vorberg, R. (2000); Effects of shrimp fisheries on reefs of Sabellaria spinulosa (Polychaeta); ICES Journal of Marine Science; 57 pp. 1416–1420</ref>; Linnanne et al, 2000<ref name="Linnane">Linnane A., Ball B., Munday B., van Marlen B., Bergman M., Fonteyne R. (2000): A review of potential techniques to reduce the environmental impact of demersal trawl; Irish Fisheries Investigation Series Publications (New Series) No. 7; ISSN0578-7467</ref>) even in combination with a water sampler (Dounas, 2006<ref name="Dounas">Dounas, C. G. (2006); A new apparatus for the direct measurement of the effects of otter trawling on benthic nutrient releases; Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology; 339, pp. 251 – 259</ref>) and to separate living [[Coral reefs|corals]] from dead (Harris et al, 2004<ref name="Harris">Harris, P. T., Heap, A. D., Wassenberg, T., Passlow, V. (2004); Submerged coral reefs in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia; Marine Geology; 207:1-4, pp. 185-191</ref>.)
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| − | It has also been used for | + | The founder of toxicology, Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) is most famous for his quote “'''All things are poison and nothing is without poison, only the dose permits something not to be poisonous'''”. With this, he indicated that in sufficiently large doses all substances can be toxic. At present there are about 100,000 chemicals known which might cause harm to humans or the environment. Ecotoxicology is the study of the harmful effects that chemical substances can have on living organisms and the environment. Information on the occurrence of chemicals and their effects on the environment provides an indication of the [[pollution]] level and associated [[Environmental risk assessment of marine activities|risks]]. Living organisms can accumulate certain chemicals in their bodies, which is called [[bioaccumulation]]. |
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| | + | This portal on Marine Ecotoxicologie aims to reach a broad public. It intents to discuss and to clarify research related to marine ecotoxicology. Through [[Portal:Ecotox/News|case studies]] at different [[Trophic_level_-_a_marine_example|trophic]] levels you will get acquainted with different groups of toxic substances and their effects on marine and [[estuary|estuarine]] organisms. |
Application and use of underwater video
[[Image:300px-Paracelsus.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Paracelsus (1493 - 1541)
Everything is toxic...
The founder of toxicology, Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) is most famous for his quote “All things are poison and nothing is without poison, only the dose permits something not to be poisonous”. With this, he indicated that in sufficiently large doses all substances can be toxic. At present there are about 100,000 chemicals known which might cause harm to humans or the environment. Ecotoxicology is the study of the harmful effects that chemical substances can have on living organisms and the environment. Information on the occurrence of chemicals and their effects on the environment provides an indication of the pollution level and associated risks. Living organisms can accumulate certain chemicals in their bodies, which is called bioaccumulation.
This portal on Marine Ecotoxicologie aims to reach a broad public. It intents to discuss and to clarify research related to marine ecotoxicology. Through case studies at different trophic levels you will get acquainted with different groups of toxic substances and their effects on marine and estuarine organisms.
