Difference between revisions of "Pollution and zoobenthos"
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Benthic communities are particularly vulnerable to pollution because they have very limited mobility. <ref>Kennish M. J., (1998), Pollution impacts on marine biotic communities CRC Press 310 pp</ref> Contaminants are usually associated to particles. These particles are often very small, and can therefore stay in solution for a very long time. Nevertheless, concentrations of heavy metals in the soil are often 10 to 100 times higher than those in solution. They can become biologically available when benthic organisms eat them. <ref name = eli>Elliot, M.; Hemingway, K. (2002). Fishes in estuaries. Blackwell Science: London, UK. 636 pp.</ref> Metals in soils can also become more available for uptake by zoobenthos due to changing physico chemical processes. <ref name = gu>Guns, M.; Van Hoeyweghen, P.; Vyncke, W.; Hillewaert, H. (1999). Trace metals in selected benthic invertebrates from Belgian coastal waters (1981 - 1996). Marine pollution bulletin, Vol 38 No. 12 pp. 1184-1193. </ref> | Benthic communities are particularly vulnerable to pollution because they have very limited mobility. <ref>Kennish M. J., (1998), Pollution impacts on marine biotic communities CRC Press 310 pp</ref> Contaminants are usually associated to particles. These particles are often very small, and can therefore stay in solution for a very long time. Nevertheless, concentrations of heavy metals in the soil are often 10 to 100 times higher than those in solution. They can become biologically available when benthic organisms eat them. <ref name = eli>Elliot, M.; Hemingway, K. (2002). Fishes in estuaries. Blackwell Science: London, UK. 636 pp.</ref> Metals in soils can also become more available for uptake by zoobenthos due to changing physico chemical processes. <ref name = gu>Guns, M.; Van Hoeyweghen, P.; Vyncke, W.; Hillewaert, H. (1999). Trace metals in selected benthic invertebrates from Belgian coastal waters (1981 - 1996). Marine pollution bulletin, Vol 38 No. 12 pp. 1184-1193. </ref> | ||
Because of their limited mobility, benthic communities are of special interest for monitoring pollutants. Changing concentrations of pollutants in zoobenthos typically reflect changes in the environment. Particularly mussels ([http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/welcome.html the mussel watch program]) have been widely used as a sentinel species to detect trends in pollutant concentrations. <ref name = eli>Elliot, M.; Hemingway, K. (2002). Fishes in estuaries. Blackwell Science: London, UK. 636 pp.</ref> | Because of their limited mobility, benthic communities are of special interest for monitoring pollutants. Changing concentrations of pollutants in zoobenthos typically reflect changes in the environment. Particularly mussels ([http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/welcome.html the mussel watch program]) have been widely used as a sentinel species to detect trends in pollutant concentrations. <ref name = eli>Elliot, M.; Hemingway, K. (2002). Fishes in estuaries. Blackwell Science: London, UK. 636 pp.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 13:23, 22 July 2009
Benthic communities are particularly vulnerable to pollution because they have very limited mobility. [1] Contaminants are usually associated to particles. These particles are often very small, and can therefore stay in solution for a very long time. Nevertheless, concentrations of heavy metals in the soil are often 10 to 100 times higher than those in solution. They can become biologically available when benthic organisms eat them. [2] Metals in soils can also become more available for uptake by zoobenthos due to changing physico chemical processes. [3]
Because of their limited mobility, benthic communities are of special interest for monitoring pollutants. Changing concentrations of pollutants in zoobenthos typically reflect changes in the environment. Particularly mussels (the mussel watch program) have been widely used as a sentinel species to detect trends in pollutant concentrations. [2]
TBT
Meany zoobenthos species have been effected by the extensive use of TBT as an anti fouwling paint. Because TBT can serioulsy affect their reproduction, it's use nearly caused the collapse of oyster farms of Arcachon bay in France in the 1970s. [4] In other gastropods, TBT is know to cause imposex; the presence of male reproductive organs in females, which causes female sterility. These effects caused many gastropods to became locally extinct in the Wadden Sea and the Eastern Scheldt bay. Eventually this resulted in an international ban to apply TBT on ships starting from 2003, and the obligation to remove all TBT on ships by 2008. [5] [6]
Case studies
Case study 1: Heavy metal content of mussels in the Western Scheldt estuary[7]
Case study 2: Common starfish can act as a bioindicator for heavy metal pollution[8]
Case study 3: Heavy metals in various Belgian benthic invertebrates[3]
Case study 4: Effects of heavy metals on the sperm quality and the larvae survival of sea urchins[9]
Case study 5: Effects of copper-based antifouling paints on brine shrimp[4]
Case study 6: TBT and intersex in periwinkles[5]
Case study 7: Levels of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in various benthic species in the Belgian North sea and the Western Scheldt estuary[10]
Case study 8: PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in shrimp from the Belgian North Sea[11]
References
- ↑ Kennish M. J., (1998), Pollution impacts on marine biotic communities CRC Press 310 pp
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Elliot, M.; Hemingway, K. (2002). Fishes in estuaries. Blackwell Science: London, UK. 636 pp.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Guns, M.; Van Hoeyweghen, P.; Vyncke, W.; Hillewaert, H. (1999). Trace metals in selected benthic invertebrates from Belgian coastal waters (1981 - 1996). Marine pollution bulletin, Vol 38 No. 12 pp. 1184-1193. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "gu" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Katranitsas, A.; Castritsi-Catharios, J.; Persoone, G. (2003). The effects of a copper-based antifouling paint on mortality and enzymatic activity of a non-target marine organism. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46(11): 1491-1494
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 De Wolf, H.; Handa, C.; Backeljau, T.; Blust, R. (2004). A baseline survey of intersex in Littorina littorea along the Scheldt Estuary, The Netherlands. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48(5-6): 592-596
- ↑ Md. Shahidul Islam and Masaru Tanaka, 2004, Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis, Marine Pollution Bulletin Volume 48, 7-8 Pages 624-649.
- ↑ Mubiana, V.K.; Blust, R. (2006). Metal content of marine mussels from Western Scheldt Estuary and nearby protected Marine Bay, the Netherlands: impact of past and present contamination. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 77(2): 203-210
- ↑ Temara, A.; Skei, J.M.; Gillan, D.; Warnau, M.; Jangoux, M.; Dubois, Ph. (1998). Validation of the asteroid Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) as a bioindicator of spatial and temporal trends of Pb, Cd, and Zn contamination in the field. Mar. Environ. Res. 45(4-5): 341-356
- ↑ Warnau, M.; Iaccarino, M.; De Biase, A.; Temara, A.; Jangoux, M.; Dubois, Ph.; Pagano, G. (1996). Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(11): 1931-1936
- ↑ Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Maervoet, J.; De Meester, I.; Schepens, P. (2004). Levels and profiles of PCBs and OCPs in marine benthic species from the Belgian North Sea and the Western Scheldt Estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49(5-6): 393-404
- ↑ Raemaekers, M.; Derveaux, S.; Parmentier, K. (2006). Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlor pesticides in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) of the Belgian Continental Shelf, in: Luten, J.B. et al. (Ed.) (2006). Seafood research from fish to dish: quality, safety and processing of wild and farmed fish. pp. 489-496
