Difference between revisions of "PAH"

From Coastal Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(31 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{
+
{{tocright}}
−
Definition|title= Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon  
+
{{Definition|title= polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
−
|definition= Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), any of several multi-ringed aromatic compounds that are found in e.g. soot, coal, tar, cigarette smoke and barbecue meat. Examples include pyrene and benzo(a)-pyrene. Some of these compounds are known carcinogens.
+
|definition= Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are multi-ringed aromatic compounds and are found in e.g. soot, coal, tar, cigarette smoke and barbecue meat. Examples include pyrene and benzo(a)-pyrene. Some of these compounds are known carcinogens<ref>Lawrence E (ed.), 2000. Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms. 12th edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited. Harlow, Great Britain.</ref>. }}
−
<ref>Lawrence E (ed.), 2000. Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms. 12th edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited. Harlow, Great Britain.</ref> }}
+
 
 +
== Notes ==
 +
 
 +
{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
 +
! bgcolor="#FF8888" | Pyrene
 +
|-
 +
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Image:Pyrene.png|150px|Pyrene]]
 +
|-
 +
! bgcolor="#8888FF" | Formula
 +
|-
 +
| align="center" | C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>10</sub>
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
PAHs have been become increasingly important in research because they are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic in aquatic organisms and man. They tend to be [[adsorption|adsorbed]] and [[bioaccumulation|accumulated]] by marine organisms. Elevated levels of PAHs are commonly found in [[coastal area|coastal]] and [[estuary|estuarine]] marine waters near heavily [[pollution|polluted]] areas. Not all PAHs are known to be carcinogenic, but the environmental effect of most of them remains uncertain, and little is known about how they behave in marine ecosystems.
 +
 
 +
They tend to adsorb to particles, as these particles sink to the bottom, the sea floor becomes enriched in PAH content. Since PAHs are quite stable in the sediments, bottom dwelling organisms can be exposed by large amounts of PAHs for long periods of time.
 +
 
 +
Some [[species]] (like [[pollution and benthic fishes|fish]]) can excrete PAH rather fast, therefore they have lower body burdens of PAHs than for example shellfish who bioaccumulate PAHs. The most [[toxic]] PAHs are pyrene and [[fluoranthene]], followed by phenanthene and [[anthracene]]. PAHs with a high molecular weight may cause sublethal effects; such as growth reduction, chronic diseases, reproductive impairment, at very low concentrations in [[biota]]: at 5 to 100 ppb (parts per billion) in the tissue of the animal. Concentrations which are considered toxic (0,2 to 10 parts per million) have been found in wild biota from heavily polluted areas<ref>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref> <ref>Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>.
 +
<P>
 +
<BR>
 +
<P>
 +
 
 +
== Case studies ==
  
  
−
== Notes ==
+
[[PCB and heavy metals in beached sperm whales]]
  
−
PAHs have been become increasingly important in research because they are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic in aquatic organisms and man. They tend to be [[adsorption|adsorbed]] and [[bioaccumulation|accumulated]] by marine organisms. Elevated levels of PAHs are commonly found in coastal and [[estuary|estuarine]] marine waters near heavily polluted areas. Not all PAHs are known to be carcinogenic, but the environmental effect of most of them remains uncertain, and little is known about how they behave in marine ecosystems.
 
  
−
They tend to adsorb to particles, as these particles sink to the bottom, the sea floor becomes enriched in PAH content. As PAHs are quite stable in the sediments, bottom dwelling organisms can be exposed by large amounts of PAHs for long periods of time.
+
== Environmental standards and legislation ==
  
−
Concentrations of PAHs in aquatic organisms range from 0,01 to 5000 µg/kg dry weight.
+
[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]
  
−
[[Fluoranthene]] and [[pyrene]] = Major PAH
+
[[List of priority substances|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]
−
followed by [[phenanthene]] and [[anthracene]]
 
−
[[acenaphtene]] [[fluorene benzanthrene]] and [[chrysene]] in few samples
 
  
  
−
<ref>Hellou et al 1990</ref>
+
== See also ==
  
 +
[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00137_BD%20on%20PAHs.pdf OSPAR background document on PAH]
  
−
Food primary source of PAH's, and PAH levels are diet dependent.
 
  
 +
==References==
 +
<references/>
  
 +
{{author
 +
|AuthorID=19826
 +
|AuthorFullName=Daphnis De Pooter
 +
|AuthorName=Daphnisd}}
  
−
PAHs are released by the combustion of wood, coal and oil and transported into the admosphere. Some PAHs are considered carcinogenic in fish, others might not be. <ref>Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp. </ref>
+
[[Category:Toxicity chemicals]]

Latest revision as of 13:29, 9 August 2020

Definition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH):
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are multi-ringed aromatic compounds and are found in e.g. soot, coal, tar, cigarette smoke and barbecue meat. Examples include pyrene and benzo(a)-pyrene. Some of these compounds are known carcinogens[1].
This is the common definition for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), other definitions can be discussed in the article

Notes

Pyrene
Pyrene
Formula
C16H10

PAHs have been become increasingly important in research because they are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic in aquatic organisms and man. They tend to be adsorbed and accumulated by marine organisms. Elevated levels of PAHs are commonly found in coastal and estuarine marine waters near heavily polluted areas. Not all PAHs are known to be carcinogenic, but the environmental effect of most of them remains uncertain, and little is known about how they behave in marine ecosystems.

They tend to adsorb to particles, as these particles sink to the bottom, the sea floor becomes enriched in PAH content. Since PAHs are quite stable in the sediments, bottom dwelling organisms can be exposed by large amounts of PAHs for long periods of time.

Some species (like fish) can excrete PAH rather fast, therefore they have lower body burdens of PAHs than for example shellfish who bioaccumulate PAHs. The most toxic PAHs are pyrene and fluoranthene, followed by phenanthene and anthracene. PAHs with a high molecular weight may cause sublethal effects; such as growth reduction, chronic diseases, reproductive impairment, at very low concentrations in biota: at 5 to 100 ppb (parts per billion) in the tissue of the animal. Concentrations which are considered toxic (0,2 to 10 parts per million) have been found in wild biota from heavily polluted areas[2] [3].


Case studies

PCB and heavy metals in beached sperm whales


Environmental standards and legislation

Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action

Included in the water framework list of priority substances


See also

OSPAR background document on PAH


References

  1. ↑ Lawrence E (ed.), 2000. Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms. 12th edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited. Harlow, Great Britain.
  2. ↑ Biology of marine birds. Schreiber, E.A. & Burger, J. (Eds). 2002. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 722 pp.
  3. ↑ Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp
The main author of this article is Daphnis De Pooter
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
Citation: Daphnis De Pooter (2020): PAH. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/PAH [accessed on 22-11-2024]
Retrieved from "https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=PAH&oldid=77611"