Difference between revisions of "Optical Laser diffraction instruments (LISST)"

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[[Image:H5643figure1b.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.1b: Optical path and sampling volume]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure1b.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.1b: Optical path and sampling volume]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure1c.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.1c: Settling tube]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure1c.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.1c: Settling tube]]
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[[Image:H5643figure1d.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.1d: Settling tube]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure1d.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.1d: Settling tube]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure2.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.2: LISST-100]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure2.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.2: LISST-100]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure3.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.3: LISST-25]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure3.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.3: LISST-25]]
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[[Image:H5643figure4a.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.4a: LISST-SL]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure4a.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.4a: LISST-SL]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure4b.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.4b: LISST-SL]]
 
[[Image:H5643figure4b.jpg|thumb|left|Fig.4b: LISST-SL]]

Revision as of 09:39, 11 June 2007

Optical Laser diffraction instruments (LISST)

Various Laser diffraction instruments are commercially available to measure the particle size and concentration of suspended sediments. The LISST instruments (Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometery) are manufactured by Sequoia Inc, USA (www.sequoiasci.com), (Agrawal and Pottsmith, 2000, 2002).

LISST-100: This instrument is the most widely used Laser diffraction instrument, which delivers the size distribution by inversion of the 32-angle scattering measurements.

LISST-ST; This instrument has been designed to obtain the settling velocity distribution of sediments of different sizes. In this case, a sample of water is trapped and particles are allowed to settle in a 30 cm tall settling column at the end of the instrument-housing. Movable doors are present on both ends of the tube, which are programmed to open at regular intervals. Using a motorised propeller, a water sample is drawn into the tube through 8 openings of 20 mm diameter. Throughout, the size distribution is monitored near the bottom of the settling tube. After sampling, a few seconds are allowed for turbulence to break down before the doors are closed and the sample is allowed to settle for several hours. During settlement of 12 and 24 hours runs, respectively 72 and 83 Laser scans are made in logarithmically scheduled time intervals. Over time, the size distribution shows zero concentration in sizes that have settled out. The time for settling is used to estimate settling velocity. From knowledge of the size versus settling velocity, mass density can be estimated. This instrument obtains the settling velocity and particle density for 8 size classes in the 5 to 500 micron range. The assumption that all particles settle independently in a complete stagnant fluid is often violated. As a result, the calculated particle density ditribution often becomes unrealistically wide to compensate for effects such as convection and particle interaction.

LISST-25A and 25X; This instrument is a simpler, less expensive version of the LISST-100. Replacing the multi-ring detector of the LISST-100, a special shape for a focal plane detector was invented. This shape (comet-detector) is the result of solving the mathematical problem: does there exist a detector shape that would measure light scattering in a manner that it holds calibration for all sizes? Indeed, the LISST-25 holds calibration for spheres over a 200 to 1 size range, where earlier sensors would vary in calibration by a factor of 200! The LISST-25 instrument is a superior sensor to the LISST-100 when only concentration measurement is required. The LISST-100 obtains sediment concentration by first inverting the 32 multi-angle scattering data to construct the size distribution and then summing the concentrations in the 32 size classes. When small numbers of particles are present, as can happen with coarse particles, the inversion can miss them due to noise. In contrast, since the comet-detector directly estimates concentration from the weighted sum of angular scattering, it misses nothing. A second attribute of the LISST-25 is that this device obtains particle area concentration from the optical transmission. The ratio of the volume concentration and area concentration is called the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), first introduced in the aerodynamics-droplet combustion literature. The two types of LISST-25 refer to an analog output only version and a second version that is fully recording and presents a coarse fraction concentration in addition to the total suspended load. The LISST-25X instrument has new comet shapes built in to separate between wash load finer than 63 micron and the sand load larger than 63 micron. The two new comet shapes deliver the total concentration and SMD in the entire size range and concentration and SMD in the coarse sand range. The comet shapes assume nothing regarding the underlying size distribution of sediments. The only requirement is spherical shape for particles. Inaccuracies of perhaps as much as 100% may occur if the particle composition changes from mineral to biogenic.

LISST-SL: This instrument is a streamlined body that draws a sediment-laden stream into it for Laser measurements. It incorporates a Laser, optics, multi-ring detector identical to the LISST-100 and electronics for signal amplification and data scheduling and transmission. A pump is also built-in to ensure isokinetic withdrawal rates. The pump is controlled by a microprocessor, which is fed information about the river velocity by a propeller type current meter to ensure isokinetic velocity sampling. The propeller is mounted above the body itself and a sensor is employed to count the number of its rotations in a short period of time. This device includes pressure transducers to record the depth of sampling. The LISST-SL has been designed to provide real-time data on sediment concentrations and particle-size distributions. The velocity and concentration data are used to compute fluxes (on-line) for up to 32 particle size classes at points, verticals or in the entire stream cross-section (Gray, 2004).

The LISST-SL offers a very powerfull instrument for on-line measuring of particle size, concentration per size class (32 classes) and hence transport using a separate sensor for velocity measurements in rivers and estuaries. A severe limitation is the relatively small concentration range (up to 500 mg/l) due to insufficient light penetration of the optical sensor in conditions with concentrations larger than 500 mg/l.

Technical specifications: see website: www.sequoiasci.com

Photographs and Figures

Fig.1a: Diffraction pattern
Fig.1b: Optical path and sampling volume
Fig.1c: Settling tube




















Fig.1d: Settling tube
Fig.2: LISST-100
Fig.3: LISST-25





















Fig.4a: LISST-SL
Fig.4b: LISST-SL



















References

Agrawal, Y.C. and Pottsmith, H.C., 2000. Instruments for particle size and settling velocity observations in sediment transport. Marine Geology, Vol. 168, p. 89-114.

Agrawal, Y.C. and Pottsmith, H.C. 2002. Laser Diffraction Method: two new sediment sensors. Sequoia Inc., USA (www.sequoiasci.com).

Gray, J.R., 2004. The LISST-SL streamlined isokinetic suspended-sediment profiler. Proc. 19th Int. Symp. on River Sedimentation, Yichang, China.



See also

Other contributions of Leo van Rijn

articles with parts of the manual


External links

www.sequoiasci.com ([1])


Crediting the authors

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