Difference between revisions of "The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)"
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| − | + | Text is the same as in the Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder | |
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| + | The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey is one of the longest running marine biological monitoring programmes in the world. Started in 1931 by Sir Alister Hardy, the CPR has provided marine scientists with their only measure of plankton communities on a pan-oceanic scale. Today the CPR survey is operated by the [https://www.mba.ac.uk/fellows/cpr-survey Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS)], located in Plymouth, UK. Uniquely, the CPR survey’s methods of sampling and plankton analysis remain unchanged since 1948, providing a spatio-temporally comprehensive > 60 year record of marine plankton dynamics. | ||
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| + | ==Sampling and analysis== | ||
[[Image:cpr1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Fig. 1: Diagram showing a cutaway view of the CPR, the plankton filtering mechanism, and a photograph of the instrument.]] | [[Image:cpr1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Fig. 1: Diagram showing a cutaway view of the CPR, the plankton filtering mechanism, and a photograph of the instrument.]] | ||
The CPR is a plankton sampling instrument designed to be towed from merchant ships, or [[Ships of opportunity and ferries as instrument carriers|ships of opportunity]], on their normal sailings. As of December 31, 2007, CPRs have been towed a total of 5,460,042 nautical miles by 278 ships since the survey’s inception. Recorders have been towed in all oceans of the world, the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Seas and in freshwater lakes. However, SAHFOS CPR sampling primarily focuses on the northwest European shelf and the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic, with these regions undergoing monthly sampling; regular sampling is also now carried out in the North Pacific. Additionally, sister CPR surveys, not conducted by SAHFOS but using similar methodology, are operated from USA and Australia. | The CPR is a plankton sampling instrument designed to be towed from merchant ships, or [[Ships of opportunity and ferries as instrument carriers|ships of opportunity]], on their normal sailings. As of December 31, 2007, CPRs have been towed a total of 5,460,042 nautical miles by 278 ships since the survey’s inception. Recorders have been towed in all oceans of the world, the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Seas and in freshwater lakes. However, SAHFOS CPR sampling primarily focuses on the northwest European shelf and the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic, with these regions undergoing monthly sampling; regular sampling is also now carried out in the North Pacific. Additionally, sister CPR surveys, not conducted by SAHFOS but using similar methodology, are operated from USA and Australia. | ||
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CPR samples are analyzed in two ways. Firstly, the Phytoplankton Colour Index (PCI) is determined for each sample. The colour of the silk is evaluated against a standard colour chart and given a 'green-ness' value based on the visual discoloration of the CPR silk produced by green chlorophyll pigments; the PCI is a semiquantitative estimate of phytoplankton biomass. In this way the PCI takes into account the chloroplasts of broken cells and small phytoplankton which cannot be counted during the microscopic analysis stage. After determination of the PCI, microscopic analysis is undertaken for each sample, and individual phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa are identified and counted. Nearly 500 phyto- and zooplankton taxa have been identified on CPR samples since 1948 (Reid et al. 2003<ref>Reid, P.C., et al. (2003). "The Continuous Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from plankton indicator to undulating recorders". Progress in Oceanography 58: 117-175.</ref>, Warner and Hays 1994 <ref>Warner, A.J., and Hays, G.C., (1994). "Sampling by the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey". Progress in Oceanography 34: 237-256.</ref>). | CPR samples are analyzed in two ways. Firstly, the Phytoplankton Colour Index (PCI) is determined for each sample. The colour of the silk is evaluated against a standard colour chart and given a 'green-ness' value based on the visual discoloration of the CPR silk produced by green chlorophyll pigments; the PCI is a semiquantitative estimate of phytoplankton biomass. In this way the PCI takes into account the chloroplasts of broken cells and small phytoplankton which cannot be counted during the microscopic analysis stage. After determination of the PCI, microscopic analysis is undertaken for each sample, and individual phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa are identified and counted. Nearly 500 phyto- and zooplankton taxa have been identified on CPR samples since 1948 (Reid et al. 2003<ref>Reid, P.C., et al. (2003). "The Continuous Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from plankton indicator to undulating recorders". Progress in Oceanography 58: 117-175.</ref>, Warner and Hays 1994 <ref>Warner, A.J., and Hays, G.C., (1994). "Sampling by the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey". Progress in Oceanography 34: 237-256.</ref>). | ||
| − | + | ==Ecological research== | |
| − | [[Image:cpr2.jpg|thumb| | + | <br> |
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| + | [[Image:cpr2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Fig. 2: Biogeographical changes in plankton assemblages spanning five decades. Warm water plankton are moving north and cold water plankton are moving out of the North Sea (reproduced from Beaugrand G, Reid PC, Ibanez F, Lindley JA, Edwards M (2002) Reorganization of North Atlantic marine copepod biodiversity and climate. Science 296:1692-1694).]] | ||
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| + | [[Image:cpr3.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Fig. 3: Decadal anomaly maps for four common HAB taxa. Anomaly is the difference between the long-term mean (1960-1989) and post 1990s (1990-2002) (reproduced from Edwards M, Johns DG, Leterme SC, Svendsen E, Richardson AJ (2006) Regional climate change and harmful algal blooms in the northeast Atlantic. Limnology and Oceanography 51(2), 820-829).]] | ||
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| − | + | Due to its long time-series, comprehensive spatial coverage and methodological consistency, the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey is a unique ecological dataset which has provided invaluable insights into numerous aspects of plankton dynamics and ecology. Figures 2 and 3 show some examples. | |
| + | <br style="clear:left"/> | ||
| − | + | Key areas of research include: | |
*[[Climate change]] | *[[Climate change]] | ||
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===Internal links=== | ===Internal links=== | ||
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*[[Real-time algae monitoring]] | *[[Real-time algae monitoring]] | ||
*[[Ships of opportunity and ferries as instrument carriers]] | *[[Ships of opportunity and ferries as instrument carriers]] | ||
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===External links=== | ===External links=== | ||
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.mba.ac.uk/fellows/cpr-survey SAHFOS] |
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder Continuous Plankton Recorder] | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder Continuous Plankton Recorder] | ||
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{{author | {{author | ||
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|AuthorName=McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail | |AuthorName=McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail | ||
|AuthorFullName=McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail}} | |AuthorFullName=McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail}} | ||
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| + | [[Category:Coastal and marine observation and monitoring]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Observation of biological parameters]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Eutrophication]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:49, 21 August 2020
Text is the same as in the Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder
The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey is one of the longest running marine biological monitoring programmes in the world. Started in 1931 by Sir Alister Hardy, the CPR has provided marine scientists with their only measure of plankton communities on a pan-oceanic scale. Today the CPR survey is operated by the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), located in Plymouth, UK. Uniquely, the CPR survey’s methods of sampling and plankton analysis remain unchanged since 1948, providing a spatio-temporally comprehensive > 60 year record of marine plankton dynamics.
Contents
Sampling and analysis
The CPR is a plankton sampling instrument designed to be towed from merchant ships, or ships of opportunity, on their normal sailings. As of December 31, 2007, CPRs have been towed a total of 5,460,042 nautical miles by 278 ships since the survey’s inception. Recorders have been towed in all oceans of the world, the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Seas and in freshwater lakes. However, SAHFOS CPR sampling primarily focuses on the northwest European shelf and the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic, with these regions undergoing monthly sampling; regular sampling is also now carried out in the North Pacific. Additionally, sister CPR surveys, not conducted by SAHFOS but using similar methodology, are operated from USA and Australia.
The CPR is towed at a depth of approximately 10 metres. Water passes through the CPR and plankton are filtered onto a slow-moving band of silk (270 micron mesh size) and covered by a second silk. The silks and plankton are then spooled into a storage tank containing formalin. On return to the laboratory, the silk is removed from the mechanism and divided into samples representing 10 nautical miles of tow.
CPR samples are analyzed in two ways. Firstly, the Phytoplankton Colour Index (PCI) is determined for each sample. The colour of the silk is evaluated against a standard colour chart and given a 'green-ness' value based on the visual discoloration of the CPR silk produced by green chlorophyll pigments; the PCI is a semiquantitative estimate of phytoplankton biomass. In this way the PCI takes into account the chloroplasts of broken cells and small phytoplankton which cannot be counted during the microscopic analysis stage. After determination of the PCI, microscopic analysis is undertaken for each sample, and individual phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa are identified and counted. Nearly 500 phyto- and zooplankton taxa have been identified on CPR samples since 1948 (Reid et al. 2003[1], Warner and Hays 1994 [2]).
Ecological research
Due to its long time-series, comprehensive spatial coverage and methodological consistency, the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey is a unique ecological dataset which has provided invaluable insights into numerous aspects of plankton dynamics and ecology. Figures 2 and 3 show some examples.
Key areas of research include:
- Climate change
- Biodiversity and biogeography
- Eutrophication
- Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
- Fisheries investigations
- Plankton ecology
- Taxonomy
- Regime shifts
- Non-indigenous species
See also
Internal links
External links
References
- ↑ Reid, P.C., et al. (2003). "The Continuous Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from plankton indicator to undulating recorders". Progress in Oceanography 58: 117-175.
- ↑ Warner, A.J., and Hays, G.C., (1994). "Sampling by the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey". Progress in Oceanography 34: 237-256.
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
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