Difference between revisions of "Collapsible-Bag depth-integrating sampler"
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| − | + | This article is a summary of sub-section 5.6.2.7 of the [[Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas]] <ref>Rijn, L. C. van (1986). ''Manual sediment transport measurements''. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory</ref>. This article describes the use of a Collapsible-Bag sampler to determine the depth-integrated [[suspended load]] of sediment. | |
| + | ==Measuring principle== | ||
The Collapsible-Bag sampler is based on the principle that the static pressure acting on the outside surface of the flexible bag (devoid of air) creates at the nozzle exit a pressure equal to the hydrostatic pressure at the nozzle entrance. Using this method, samples can be collected throughout any depth. | The Collapsible-Bag sampler is based on the principle that the static pressure acting on the outside surface of the flexible bag (devoid of air) creates at the nozzle exit a pressure equal to the hydrostatic pressure at the nozzle entrance. Using this method, samples can be collected throughout any depth. | ||
The sampler consists of a wide-mouth, perforated, rigid plastic container enclosed in a cage-like metal frame. The head of the frame supports a plastic intake nozzle (6 or 13 um) and swings open to permit the plastic container to be removed. When the head is closed, the end of the nozzle extends slightly into the mouth of the container. Perforations in the container allows the air in the container to escape during submergence. For sampling, a collapsed flexible plastic bag is placed inside the rigid container. The neck of the flexible bag is stretched over the neck of the rigid container and this unit is placed into the sampler. | The sampler consists of a wide-mouth, perforated, rigid plastic container enclosed in a cage-like metal frame. The head of the frame supports a plastic intake nozzle (6 or 13 um) and swings open to permit the plastic container to be removed. When the head is closed, the end of the nozzle extends slightly into the mouth of the container. Perforations in the container allows the air in the container to escape during submergence. For sampling, a collapsed flexible plastic bag is placed inside the rigid container. The neck of the flexible bag is stretched over the neck of the rigid container and this unit is placed into the sampler. | ||
| − | When the sampler is lowered into the flow, water enters the perforations in the rigid container, surrounds the collapsed bag and equalizes the hydrostatic pressure at the nozzle entrance. The velocity head forces water through the intake nozzle into the collapsed bag, which unfolds to conform to the rigid container. This sampling action eliminates any possibility for flow to rush in due to unequal pressures and insures that water-sediment mixture is collected at stream velocity regardless of velocity distribution and depth, provided that the sample container does not overfill and the vertical transit rate is smaller than 0.4 of the depth-averaged velocity. | + | When the sampler is lowered into the flow, water enters the perforations in the rigid container, surrounds the collapsed bag and equalizes the hydrostatic pressure at the nozzle entrance. The velocity head forces water through the intake nozzle into the collapsed bag, which unfolds to conform to the rigid container. This sampling action eliminates any possibility for flow to rush in due to unequal pressures and insures that water-sediment mixture is collected at stream velocity regardless of velocity distribution and depth, provided that the sample container does not overfill and the vertical transit rate is smaller than 0.4 of the depth-averaged velocity. Nordin et al. (1983)<ref name=Nordin>Nordin, C.F., Cranston, C.C., Abel, M.B.(1983) ''New Technology for Measuring Water and Suspended Sediment Discharge of Large Rivers''.</ref> have used a large-volume (6 litres) bag sampler in combination with an Ott-type current meter in water depths up to 30 m. The rotation of the propeller was transmitted into a rate meter. This latter provided a direct read out of velocity. By lowering and raising the current meter over the depth, the instantaneous velocity profile can be recorded. |
| − | The sample volumes that will be collected for a transit rate equal to 0.2 v are given in Figure 1 A. The mean velocity v can be estimated from the surface velocity. The time required to collect one | + | ==Taking samples== |
| + | [[Image:H5627figure1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Figure 1: Transit rate curve]] | ||
| + | The constant vertical transit rate of the bag sampler should be fast enough so that the sample container is not completely filled, but not greater than 0.4 v (v= depth-averaged velocity). Nordin et al. (1983)<ref name=Nordin/> tried to keep the transit rate smaller than 0.2 v. The sample volumes that will be collected for a transit rate equal to 0.2 v are given in Figure 1 A. The mean velocity v can be estimated from the surface velocity. The time required to collect one litre of sample for various mean velocities and nozzle diameters is given in Figure 1B. | ||
If the cross-channel distribution of sediment discharge is needed, each sample is processed separately. If the depth and velocity are fairly uniform across the section, it often is possible to use one nozzle diameter and transit rate at all verticals and the individual samples can be composited into a single discharge-weighted sample. For most purposes 10 to 15 depth-integrated samples equally spaced across the section are adequate. If the maximum and minimum surface velocities are observed when the cross-section is sounded initially, that information can be used with the data plotted in Figure 1B to select the transit rate. Usually, it is accurate enough to select a transit rate smaller than 0.2 v using the velocity v of the deepest en fastest vertical. Assuming that v does not vary more than a factor 2, the transit rate will not be greater than 0.4 v in the vertical with the lowest velocity. | If the cross-channel distribution of sediment discharge is needed, each sample is processed separately. If the depth and velocity are fairly uniform across the section, it often is possible to use one nozzle diameter and transit rate at all verticals and the individual samples can be composited into a single discharge-weighted sample. For most purposes 10 to 15 depth-integrated samples equally spaced across the section are adequate. If the maximum and minimum surface velocities are observed when the cross-section is sounded initially, that information can be used with the data plotted in Figure 1B to select the transit rate. Usually, it is accurate enough to select a transit rate smaller than 0.2 v using the velocity v of the deepest en fastest vertical. Assuming that v does not vary more than a factor 2, the transit rate will not be greater than 0.4 v in the vertical with the lowest velocity. | ||
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The depth-averaged concentration can be determined as | The depth-averaged concentration can be determined as | ||
| − | + | <math>c\,=G\,/V\,</math> | |
in which: G= dry mass of sediment (mg), V= volume of water sample (l). | in which: G= dry mass of sediment (mg), V= volume of water sample (l). | ||
| Line 19: | Line 22: | ||
The depth-integrated suspended sediment transport (in kg/m/s) can be determined as: | The depth-integrated suspended sediment transport (in kg/m/s) can be determined as: | ||
| − | + | <math>S= G\,h\,/(FT)</math> or as <math> S=c\,u\,h\,= (G/V)u\,h\,</math> | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | in which: | ||
| + | : G= dry mass of sediment (mg), | ||
| + | : V= volume of sediment sample, including pores (m<sup>3</sup>), | ||
| + | : h= depth of sampled zone (m), | ||
| + | : u= depth-averaged velocity (m/s), | ||
| + | : F= area of nozzle (m<sup>2</sup>), | ||
| + | : T= sampling period (s). | ||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | ===Summaries of the manual=== | ||
| + | * [[Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 1: [[Introduction, problems and approaches in sediment transport measurements]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 2: [[Definitions, processes and models in morphology]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 3: [[Principles, statistics and errors of measuring sediment transport]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 4: [[Computation of sediment transport and presentation of results]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 5: [[Measuring instruments for sediment transport]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 6: [[Measuring instruments for particle size and fall velocity]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 7: [[Measuring instruments for bed material sampling]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 8: [[Laboratory and in situ analysis of samples]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 9: [[In situ measurement of wet bulk density]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 10: [[Instruments for bed level detection]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 11: [[Argus video]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 12: [[Measuring instruments for fluid velocity, pressure and wave height]] | ||
| − | == | + | ===Other internal links=== |
| + | * [[Bottle and trap samplers]] | ||
| + | * [[USP-61 suspended load sampler]] | ||
| + | * [[Delft Bottle suspended load sampler]] | ||
| + | * [[USP-61 suspended load sampler]] | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | '''Stevens, H.H., Lutz, G.A. and Hubbel, D.W. | + | ===Further reading=== |
| + | * Christiansen, H.(1985) ''Suspended Sediment Measurements in Elbe Estuary at Hamburg using a Cux Sampler''. Euromech 192, Neubiberg, Germany. | ||
| + | * Stevens, H.H., Lutz, G.A. and Hubbel, D.W. (1980) ''Collapsible-Bag Suspended Sediment Sampler''. Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. Hy4. | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
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{{author | {{author | ||
|AuthorID=13226 | |AuthorID=13226 | ||
| − | | | + | |AuthorFullName= Rijn, Leo van |
| − | + | |AuthorName=Leovanrijn}} | |
{{author | {{author | ||
|AuthorID=12969 | |AuthorID=12969 | ||
| − | | | + | |AuthorFullName= Roberti, Hans |
| + | |AuthorName=Robertihans}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Coastal and marine observation and monitoring]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Observation of physical parameters]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:28, 19 August 2020
This article is a summary of sub-section 5.6.2.7 of the Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas [1]. This article describes the use of a Collapsible-Bag sampler to determine the depth-integrated suspended load of sediment.
Contents
Measuring principle
The Collapsible-Bag sampler is based on the principle that the static pressure acting on the outside surface of the flexible bag (devoid of air) creates at the nozzle exit a pressure equal to the hydrostatic pressure at the nozzle entrance. Using this method, samples can be collected throughout any depth.
The sampler consists of a wide-mouth, perforated, rigid plastic container enclosed in a cage-like metal frame. The head of the frame supports a plastic intake nozzle (6 or 13 um) and swings open to permit the plastic container to be removed. When the head is closed, the end of the nozzle extends slightly into the mouth of the container. Perforations in the container allows the air in the container to escape during submergence. For sampling, a collapsed flexible plastic bag is placed inside the rigid container. The neck of the flexible bag is stretched over the neck of the rigid container and this unit is placed into the sampler.
When the sampler is lowered into the flow, water enters the perforations in the rigid container, surrounds the collapsed bag and equalizes the hydrostatic pressure at the nozzle entrance. The velocity head forces water through the intake nozzle into the collapsed bag, which unfolds to conform to the rigid container. This sampling action eliminates any possibility for flow to rush in due to unequal pressures and insures that water-sediment mixture is collected at stream velocity regardless of velocity distribution and depth, provided that the sample container does not overfill and the vertical transit rate is smaller than 0.4 of the depth-averaged velocity. Nordin et al. (1983)[2] have used a large-volume (6 litres) bag sampler in combination with an Ott-type current meter in water depths up to 30 m. The rotation of the propeller was transmitted into a rate meter. This latter provided a direct read out of velocity. By lowering and raising the current meter over the depth, the instantaneous velocity profile can be recorded.
Taking samples
The constant vertical transit rate of the bag sampler should be fast enough so that the sample container is not completely filled, but not greater than 0.4 v (v= depth-averaged velocity). Nordin et al. (1983)[2] tried to keep the transit rate smaller than 0.2 v. The sample volumes that will be collected for a transit rate equal to 0.2 v are given in Figure 1 A. The mean velocity v can be estimated from the surface velocity. The time required to collect one litre of sample for various mean velocities and nozzle diameters is given in Figure 1B.
If the cross-channel distribution of sediment discharge is needed, each sample is processed separately. If the depth and velocity are fairly uniform across the section, it often is possible to use one nozzle diameter and transit rate at all verticals and the individual samples can be composited into a single discharge-weighted sample. For most purposes 10 to 15 depth-integrated samples equally spaced across the section are adequate. If the maximum and minimum surface velocities are observed when the cross-section is sounded initially, that information can be used with the data plotted in Figure 1B to select the transit rate. Usually, it is accurate enough to select a transit rate smaller than 0.2 v using the velocity v of the deepest en fastest vertical. Assuming that v does not vary more than a factor 2, the transit rate will not be greater than 0.4 v in the vertical with the lowest velocity.
The depth-averaged concentration can be determined as
[math]c\,=G\,/V\,[/math]
in which: G= dry mass of sediment (mg), V= volume of water sample (l).
The depth-integrated suspended sediment transport (in kg/m/s) can be determined as:
[math]S= G\,h\,/(FT)[/math] or as [math] S=c\,u\,h\,= (G/V)u\,h\,[/math]
in which:
- G= dry mass of sediment (mg),
- V= volume of sediment sample, including pores (m3),
- h= depth of sampled zone (m),
- u= depth-averaged velocity (m/s),
- F= area of nozzle (m2),
- T= sampling period (s).
See also
Summaries of the manual
- Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas
- Chapter 1: Introduction, problems and approaches in sediment transport measurements
- Chapter 2: Definitions, processes and models in morphology
- Chapter 3: Principles, statistics and errors of measuring sediment transport
- Chapter 4: Computation of sediment transport and presentation of results
- Chapter 5: Measuring instruments for sediment transport
- Chapter 6: Measuring instruments for particle size and fall velocity
- Chapter 7: Measuring instruments for bed material sampling
- Chapter 8: Laboratory and in situ analysis of samples
- Chapter 9: In situ measurement of wet bulk density
- Chapter 10: Instruments for bed level detection
- Chapter 11: Argus video
- Chapter 12: Measuring instruments for fluid velocity, pressure and wave height
Other internal links
- Bottle and trap samplers
- USP-61 suspended load sampler
- Delft Bottle suspended load sampler
- USP-61 suspended load sampler
Further reading
- Christiansen, H.(1985) Suspended Sediment Measurements in Elbe Estuary at Hamburg using a Cux Sampler. Euromech 192, Neubiberg, Germany.
- Stevens, H.H., Lutz, G.A. and Hubbel, D.W. (1980) Collapsible-Bag Suspended Sediment Sampler. Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. Hy4.
References
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