Difference between revisions of "Dicofol"

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{{Definition|title==Dicofol
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{{Definition|title=dicofol
  
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|definition=Dicofol belongs to the group of [[organochlorine pesticides]]. It's produced from [[DDT]]; its chemical structure is therefore related to DDT and it has similar properties.<ref name="Ospar">[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00150_Background%20document%20on%20Dicofol.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2005: OSPAR background document on dicofol]</ref>}}
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|definition=Dicofol belongs to the group of [[organochlorine pesticides]]. It's produced from [[DDT]], therefore it has a similar chemical structure and similar properties<ref name="Ospar">[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00150_Background%20document%20on%20Dicofol.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2004: OSPAR background document on dicofol]</ref>.}}
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
  
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The main source of dicofol in the environment is its use as a pesticide used on a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and field crops. A total amount of over 2.700 tonnes of dicofol is used around the world each year, of which 290 tonnes is used in Western Europe. The only European countries which do allow its use are Belgium, Spain, Portugal and France. There are indications that through atmospheric transport the dicophol used in other continents might also affect the North Sea.
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{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
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! bgcolor="#FF8888" | Dicofol
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|-
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| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Image:dicofol.png|200px|dicofol]]
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|-
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! bgcolor="#8888FF" | Formula
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|-
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| align="center" | C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>9</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub>O 
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|-
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|}
  
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The degradation of dicofol in soil is moderately slow, it takes 30 to 60 days to half the concentration. In water systems and soils with a high organic matter content, halving its concentration may take up to 84 days. Like DDT, it also has a high affinity to lipids, which causes it to [[adsorption|adsob]] to organic particles rather than dissolve in water. It's also highly [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulative]], and [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]], therefore it poses a greater threat to high trophic level species such as [[pollution and sea birds|birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|mammals]].
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The main source of dicofol in the environment is its use as a [[pesticide]] used on a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and field crops. A total amount of over 2700 tonnes of dicofol is used around the world each year, of which 290 tonnes is used in Western Europe. The only European countries which do allow its use are Belgium, Spain, Portugal and France. There are indications that through atmospheric transport, dicophol used in other continents might also end up in the [[North Sea]]. <ref name="Ospar">[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00150_Background%20document%20on%20Dicofol.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2004: OSPAR background document on dicofol]</ref>
  
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Dicofol has been shown to be highly toxic for marine species. [[Pollution and pelagic fishes|Fish]] and show effects die by chronic exposure to concentrations above 0,0045 mg/l. Concentrations above 0,012 mg/l cause acute toxicity.
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The degradation of dicofol in soil is moderately slow, with a [[half-life]] of 30 to 60 days. In water systems and soils with a high organic matter content, the half-life can reach 84 days. Like DDT, it also has a high affinity to lipids, which causes it to [[adsorption|adsob]] to organic particles rather than dissolve in water. It's also highly [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulative]], and [[biomagnification|biomagnifying]], therefore it poses a greater threat to high [[trophic level]] [[species]] such as [[pollution and sea birds|birds]] and [[pollution and marine mammals|mammals]].  
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In birds dicofol can cause eggshell thinning at exposure 20 mg/kg food intake. It has also been shown to be a [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting compound]] in birds.  
 
  
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Dicofol has been shown to be highly [[toxic]] for marine species. [[Pollution and pelagic fishes|Fishes]] can die by chronic exposure to concentrations above 4,5 µg/l and concentrations above 12 µg/l can cause acute toxicity.
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In birds exposure to 20 mg of dicofol per kg body weight can cause eggshell thinning. It has also been shown to be a [[endocrine disrupting compounds|endocrine disrupting compound]]: male juvenile birds with a daily food intake of 5 mg dicofol per kg body weight showed effects of feminisation, which affected their mating behaviour and reproduction success<ref name="Ospar">[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00150_Background%20document%20on%20Dicofol.pdf OSPAR Commission, 2004: OSPAR background document on dicofol]</ref>.
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<BR>
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== Environmental standards and legislation ==
  
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Long-term effects include egg-shell
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[[OSPAR List of priority substances|Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action]]
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thinning and effects on reproduction. In a study with a captive population of American krestels, birds
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were dosed with 20 mg/kg of 99%-pure o,p'-dicofol. The eggs laid had significantly thinner shells than
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[[List of priority substances|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]]
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those of the control birds. Feminisation of male embryos was confirmed by the presence of primordial germ cells in the male gonad.
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<P>
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two generation avian study (MacLellan et al., 1996) confirmed the results of
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<BR>
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egg shell thinning by o,p’-dicofol and in addition revealed feminisation of male embryos already at a
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<P>
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level of 5 μg/g dicofol. Hatching success of the second generation females and males mating with
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untreated birds showed adverse effects on reproduction success. MacLellan et al. (1997) found out that
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== See also ==
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dicofol exposure of parents had negative effects on the behaviour and mating success of the second
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generation kestrels.
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[http://www.vliz.be/projects/endis/EDnorth.php?showchemprop=true&showeffects=true&chemeffects=true&chemid=243 Dicofol on the ED North Database]
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[http://www.ospar.org/documents%5Cdbase%5Cpublications%5Cp00150_Background%20document%20on%20Dicofol.pdf OSPAR background document on dicofol]
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<P>
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<BR>
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<P>
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==References==
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<references/>
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{{author
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|AuthorID=19826
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|AuthorFullName=Daphnis De Pooter
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|AuthorName=Daphnisd}}
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[[Category:Toxicity chemicals]]

Latest revision as of 13:08, 9 August 2020

Definition of dicofol:
Dicofol belongs to the group of organochlorine pesticides. It's produced from DDT, therefore it has a similar chemical structure and similar properties[1].
This is the common definition for dicofol, other definitions can be discussed in the article

Notes

Dicofol
dicofol
Formula
C14H9Cl5O

The main source of dicofol in the environment is its use as a pesticide used on a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and field crops. A total amount of over 2700 tonnes of dicofol is used around the world each year, of which 290 tonnes is used in Western Europe. The only European countries which do allow its use are Belgium, Spain, Portugal and France. There are indications that through atmospheric transport, dicophol used in other continents might also end up in the North Sea. [1]

The degradation of dicofol in soil is moderately slow, with a half-life of 30 to 60 days. In water systems and soils with a high organic matter content, the half-life can reach 84 days. Like DDT, it also has a high affinity to lipids, which causes it to adsob to organic particles rather than dissolve in water. It's also highly bioaccumulative, and biomagnifying, therefore it poses a greater threat to high trophic level species such as birds and mammals.

Dicofol has been shown to be highly toxic for marine species. Fishes can die by chronic exposure to concentrations above 4,5 µg/l and concentrations above 12 µg/l can cause acute toxicity. In birds exposure to 20 mg of dicofol per kg body weight can cause eggshell thinning. It has also been shown to be a endocrine disrupting compound: male juvenile birds with a daily food intake of 5 mg dicofol per kg body weight showed effects of feminisation, which affected their mating behaviour and reproduction success[1].


Environmental standards and legislation

Included in the OSPAR list of substances of priority action

Included in the water framework list of priority substances


See also

Dicofol on the ED North Database

OSPAR background document on dicofol


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 OSPAR Commission, 2004: OSPAR background document on dicofol
The main author of this article is Daphnis De Pooter
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.
Citation: Daphnis De Pooter (2020): Dicofol. Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Dicofol [accessed on 26-12-2024]
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