Difference between revisions of "Hexachlorobenzene"
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== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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| + | {| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" | ||
| + | ! bgcolor="#FF8888" | Alachlor | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Image:Alachlor.png|200px|Alachlor]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! bgcolor="#8888FF" | Formula | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | align="center" | C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>20</sub>ClNO<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |} | ||
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Due to environmental concerns, the use of HCB in such applications has now virtually ceased in Europe and the US, although it may still be in use in some other parts of the world. However releases still occur and prolong the presence of HCB in the environment. It is formed as a by-product during the manufacture of chemicals used as solvents, other chlorine-containing compounds, and pesticides. Small amounts of hexachlorobenzene can also be produced during combustion processes such as burning of city wastes. European emissions in 1997 were 100 kg in waste waters and 4 kg into the atmosphere. World wide emissions in 1995 still ranged between 12.000 and 95.000 kg. <ref name="euro">[http://www.eurochlor.org/upload/documents/document80.pdf Euro Chlor 2002 Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment OSPARCOM Region - North Sea]</ref> | Due to environmental concerns, the use of HCB in such applications has now virtually ceased in Europe and the US, although it may still be in use in some other parts of the world. However releases still occur and prolong the presence of HCB in the environment. It is formed as a by-product during the manufacture of chemicals used as solvents, other chlorine-containing compounds, and pesticides. Small amounts of hexachlorobenzene can also be produced during combustion processes such as burning of city wastes. European emissions in 1997 were 100 kg in waste waters and 4 kg into the atmosphere. World wide emissions in 1995 still ranged between 12.000 and 95.000 kg. <ref name="euro">[http://www.eurochlor.org/upload/documents/document80.pdf Euro Chlor 2002 Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment OSPARCOM Region - North Sea]</ref> | ||
| − | Hexachlorobenzene is among the most persistent environmental [[pollutant|pollutants]] because of its chemical stability and resistance to degradation. It can both be released into the atmosphere and into waste waters. In the atmosphere of temperate regions it takes 1,94 years to half it's concentration, in atmosphere of polar regions even up to 6,28 years. This high persistence makes long-range global transport very likely. From the atmosphere HCB can washed out by rainfall or snowfall, or removed via dry deposition. In water HCB has a very low solubility of only 6 µg/l, and most of it is [[adsorption|adsorbed]] to suspended particulate matter and sediments. It is also very persistent in water and soils and it can take between 2,7 and 6 years to half its aquatic or soil concentration. Although HCB is moderately volatile, it's strong adsorption to particles causes it to remain present in the marine environment. | + | Hexachlorobenzene is among the most persistent environmental [[pollutant|pollutants]] because of its chemical stability and resistance to degradation. It can both be released into the atmosphere and into waste waters. In the atmosphere of temperate regions it takes 1,94 years to half it's concentration, in atmosphere of polar regions even up to 6,28 years. This high persistence makes long-range global transport very likely. From the atmosphere HCB can washed out by rainfall or snowfall, or removed via dry deposition. In water HCB has a very low solubility of only 6 µg/l, and most of it is [[adsorption|adsorbed]] to suspended particulate matter and sediments. It is also very persistent in water and soils and it can take between 2,7 and 6 years to half its aquatic or soil concentration. Although HCB is moderately volatile, it's strong adsorption to particles causes it to remain present in the marine environment.<ref name="US">[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp90.pdf U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 2002 TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HEXACHLOROBENZENE]</ref> |
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| + | Hexachlorobenzene shows very high [[bioaccumulation]] rates. Lichens have been reported to bioaccumulate HCB concentrations by direct adsorption, 17 million times higher than those in the surrounding environment, Fishes 21.900 times higher. <ref name="US">[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp90.pdf U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 2002 TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HEXACHLOROBENZENE]</ref> The high [[trophic level]] [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] or [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]] can metabolise and excrete HCB and show therefore little evidence of bioaccumulation.<ref name="euro">[http://www.eurochlor.org/upload/documents/document80.pdf Euro Chlor 2002 Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment OSPARCOM Region - North Sea]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Concentrations up to the maximum of solubility (5µg/l) showed no adverse effects on marine fishes. Some species of marine invertebrates have been shown to be affected by concentrations above 20 µg/l. Through [[biomagnification]] it poses a threat of secondary poisoning to birds and mammals. It has been suggested that prolonged exposure to a daily digestion above 80 µg per kilogram of body weight might cause cancer in mammals. Birds which were fed with food containing more than 5 mg/kg HCB, began developing liver abnormalities after a period of 90 days. <ref name="euro">[http://www.eurochlor.org/upload/documents/document80.pdf Euro Chlor 2002 Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment OSPARCOM Region - North Sea]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The concentrations measured in European marine waters range from 0.001 ng/l to 196 ng/l (in Forth [[estuary]] in Scotland in 1987). Recent measurements suggest that most marine and estuarine concentrations are bellow 1 ng/l. Concentrations in the livers of marine fish have been shown to range between 4 to 570 µg/kg [[wet weight]]. Concentrations in the edible parts are however much lower. HCB concentrations in fishes are decreasing and a study from 1995 showed them to range between 10 and 25 µg/kg [[lipid weight]]. | ||
| + | <P> | ||
| + | <BR> | ||
| + | <P> | ||
| + | == Environmental standards and legislation == | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[List of priority substances|Included in the water framework list of priority substances]] | ||
| + | <P> | ||
| + | <BR> | ||
| + | <P> | ||
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | |||
| + | [http://www.vliz.be/projects/endis/EDnorth.php?showchemprop=true&showeffects=true&chemeffects=true&chemid=275 Hexachlorobenzene on ED North Database] | ||
| + | <P> | ||
| + | <BR> | ||
| + | <P> | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]] | |
Revision as of 10:07, 20 August 2009
Definition of hexachlorobenzene (HCB):
Hexachlorobenzene is a white crystalline solid which doesn't occur naturally. Hexachlorobenzene was widely used as a pesticide until 1965. It was also used to make fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubber. [1]
This is the common definition for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), other definitions can be discussed in the article
|
Notes
| Alachlor |
|---|
|
| Formula |
| C14H20ClNO2 |
Due to environmental concerns, the use of HCB in such applications has now virtually ceased in Europe and the US, although it may still be in use in some other parts of the world. However releases still occur and prolong the presence of HCB in the environment. It is formed as a by-product during the manufacture of chemicals used as solvents, other chlorine-containing compounds, and pesticides. Small amounts of hexachlorobenzene can also be produced during combustion processes such as burning of city wastes. European emissions in 1997 were 100 kg in waste waters and 4 kg into the atmosphere. World wide emissions in 1995 still ranged between 12.000 and 95.000 kg. [2]
Hexachlorobenzene is among the most persistent environmental pollutants because of its chemical stability and resistance to degradation. It can both be released into the atmosphere and into waste waters. In the atmosphere of temperate regions it takes 1,94 years to half it's concentration, in atmosphere of polar regions even up to 6,28 years. This high persistence makes long-range global transport very likely. From the atmosphere HCB can washed out by rainfall or snowfall, or removed via dry deposition. In water HCB has a very low solubility of only 6 µg/l, and most of it is adsorbed to suspended particulate matter and sediments. It is also very persistent in water and soils and it can take between 2,7 and 6 years to half its aquatic or soil concentration. Although HCB is moderately volatile, it's strong adsorption to particles causes it to remain present in the marine environment.[1]
Hexachlorobenzene shows very high bioaccumulation rates. Lichens have been reported to bioaccumulate HCB concentrations by direct adsorption, 17 million times higher than those in the surrounding environment, Fishes 21.900 times higher. [1] The high trophic level marine mammals or sea birds can metabolise and excrete HCB and show therefore little evidence of bioaccumulation.[2]
Concentrations up to the maximum of solubility (5µg/l) showed no adverse effects on marine fishes. Some species of marine invertebrates have been shown to be affected by concentrations above 20 µg/l. Through biomagnification it poses a threat of secondary poisoning to birds and mammals. It has been suggested that prolonged exposure to a daily digestion above 80 µg per kilogram of body weight might cause cancer in mammals. Birds which were fed with food containing more than 5 mg/kg HCB, began developing liver abnormalities after a period of 90 days. [2]
The concentrations measured in European marine waters range from 0.001 ng/l to 196 ng/l (in Forth estuary in Scotland in 1987). Recent measurements suggest that most marine and estuarine concentrations are bellow 1 ng/l. Concentrations in the livers of marine fish have been shown to range between 4 to 570 µg/kg wet weight. Concentrations in the edible parts are however much lower. HCB concentrations in fishes are decreasing and a study from 1995 showed them to range between 10 and 25 µg/kg lipid weight.
Environmental standards and legislation
Included in the water framework list of priority substances
See also
Hexachlorobenzene on ED North Database
