Difference between revisions of "PCB"
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Between the time of initial (1929) and final production (1977) the USA produced an estimated 0,54 billion kg of PCB's. They were widely used in transformers and capacitors, lubricants, fire retardants, plastics and other materials. PCBs can enter the marine environment by adsorption to particals and admosferic transport. | Between the time of initial (1929) and final production (1977) the USA produced an estimated 0,54 billion kg of PCB's. They were widely used in transformers and capacitors, lubricants, fire retardants, plastics and other materials. PCBs can enter the marine environment by adsorption to particals and admosferic transport. | ||
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| − | Like other organochlorine compounds they are a hazard to marine ecosystems because of their extreme stability, low biodegradability and lipid solubility, which causes them to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]].<ref name = pub> | + | They have been contaminants in the marine environment for more than 60 years. In this time they have become universally distributed in marine and [[estuarine]] environments. They occur in nearly all marine plant, [[pollution and algae|algae]] and animal species. Like other organochlorine compounds they are a hazard to marine ecosystems because of their extreme stability, low biodegradability and lipid solubility, which causes them to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. Concentrations of PCBs in surface waters vary between 0,035 n/l (in open ocean), to 10 ng/l in highly polluted coastal waters. However, decreasing trends are being observed since concentrations peaked in the 1970s. <ref name = pub> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref> |
<P> | <P> | ||
| − | There are 209 different forms of PCBs. Therefore, to asses the risk of PCB exposure, the sum of all these forms needs to be taken into account. <ref> | + | PCBs have been shown to cause reproductive abnormalities in [[Pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] and chronic diseases in [[Pollution and humans|humans]] (such as skin lesions, reproductive disorders and liver damage). Furthermore they are suspected to be carcinogenic. Concentrations which (in laboratory conditions) cause lethal effects in fish range from 10 ppm to 300ppm. The concentrations measured in the 1970s in wild fishes and seal varied between 0,03 and 212 ppm.<ref name = pub> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref> |
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| + | There are 209 different forms of PCBs. Therefore, to asses the risk of PCB exposure, the sum of all these forms needs to be taken into account. <ref name = pub> Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref> | ||
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| + | == See also == | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 13:47, 24 July 2009
Definition of PCB:
Polychrorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a large group of toxic synthetic lipid-soluble chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are used in various industrial processes and which have become persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants which can be concentrated in food chains.[1]
This is the common definition for PCB, other definitions can be discussed in the article
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Notes
Between the time of initial (1929) and final production (1977) the USA produced an estimated 0,54 billion kg of PCB's. They were widely used in transformers and capacitors, lubricants, fire retardants, plastics and other materials. PCBs can enter the marine environment by adsorption to particals and admosferic transport.
They have been contaminants in the marine environment for more than 60 years. In this time they have become universally distributed in marine and estuarine environments. They occur in nearly all marine plant, algae and animal species. Like other organochlorine compounds they are a hazard to marine ecosystems because of their extreme stability, low biodegradability and lipid solubility, which causes them to bioaccumulate. Concentrations of PCBs in surface waters vary between 0,035 n/l (in open ocean), to 10 ng/l in highly polluted coastal waters. However, decreasing trends are being observed since concentrations peaked in the 1970s. [1]
PCBs have been shown to cause reproductive abnormalities in marine mammals and chronic diseases in humans (such as skin lesions, reproductive disorders and liver damage). Furthermore they are suspected to be carcinogenic. Concentrations which (in laboratory conditions) cause lethal effects in fish range from 10 ppm to 300ppm. The concentrations measured in the 1970s in wild fishes and seal varied between 0,03 and 212 ppm.[1] There are 209 different forms of PCBs. Therefore, to asses the risk of PCB exposure, the sum of all these forms needs to be taken into account. [1]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lawrence E (ed.), 2000. Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms. 12th edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited. Harlow, Great Britain. Cite error: Invalid
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