Difference between revisions of "Pollution and marine mammals"
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In the past decades [[organochlorine compounts|organochlorine]] contaminant related mass deaths have occurred in marine mammals. In Northern Europe, more then 20.000 seals have died due to seal plague in 1988. It is believed that the seal plague virus caused this extent of damage because the resistance of the seals was lowered due to toxins: a process called [[immunodeficiency]]. Later this virus caused mass mortalities of striped dolphins in the 1990-1992 period: More than 1000 dolphins died in the Mediterranean. Again it's believed that casualties were increased due to immunodeficiency caused by contaminants like PCBs. Actually proving the toxicological effects of contaminants in marine mammals is rather difficult due to logistical and ethical reasons. <ref>Sinderman, C.J. 1996. Ocean Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 275 pp</ref> Some marine mammals are having reproductive difficulties which might be due to high DDT and PCB concentrations which might act as [[endocrine disrupting compounds]]. However, till today no marine mammal death was caused by direct toxic effects of any organochlorine compounds. <ref name = pub2>New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref> | In the past decades [[organochlorine compounts|organochlorine]] contaminant related mass deaths have occurred in marine mammals. In Northern Europe, more then 20.000 seals have died due to seal plague in 1988. It is believed that the seal plague virus caused this extent of damage because the resistance of the seals was lowered due to toxins: a process called [[immunodeficiency]]. Later this virus caused mass mortalities of striped dolphins in the 1990-1992 period: More than 1000 dolphins died in the Mediterranean. Again it's believed that casualties were increased due to immunodeficiency caused by contaminants like PCBs. Actually proving the toxicological effects of contaminants in marine mammals is rather difficult due to logistical and ethical reasons. <ref>Sinderman, C.J. 1996. Ocean Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 275 pp</ref> Some marine mammals are having reproductive difficulties which might be due to high DDT and PCB concentrations which might act as [[endocrine disrupting compounds]]. However, till today no marine mammal death was caused by direct toxic effects of any organochlorine compounds. <ref name = pub2>New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref> | ||
| − | Although marine mammals are usually capable of detoxifying mercury, there have been reports of mercury intoxication in marine mammals in 1968. This occurred in an area with | + | Although marine mammals are usually capable of detoxifying mercury, there have been reports of mercury intoxication in marine mammals in 1968. This occurred in an area with heavy industrial mercury dumping. <ref name = pub2>New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p</ref> |
Revision as of 16:00, 15 July 2009
Main substances in marine mammals
Like sea birds, marine mammals are in all marine ecosystems at the top (or very near the top) of the food chain. As such, they are particulary sensitive towards bioaccumulating substances. Most studied are organochlorine pesticides (like DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and methylmercury.
The use of DDTs (since the 1970's) and PCBs (since 1991) has been banned in Europe. However because of their stability they are still present in marine ecosystems, even in very remote areas like Antarctica. Of course concentrations in Antarctica will be lower than those in the coastal areas where the discharges occurred.[1]Although marine mammals can accumulate large quantities of methylmercury, they rarely display any harmful effects of the contaminant. The reason for this is that marine mammals can transform methylmercuy into less harmful inorganic mercury, which can also efficiently be detoxified by selenium.
Toxine related problems in marine mammals
In the past decades organochlorine contaminant related mass deaths have occurred in marine mammals. In Northern Europe, more then 20.000 seals have died due to seal plague in 1988. It is believed that the seal plague virus caused this extent of damage because the resistance of the seals was lowered due to toxins: a process called immunodeficiency. Later this virus caused mass mortalities of striped dolphins in the 1990-1992 period: More than 1000 dolphins died in the Mediterranean. Again it's believed that casualties were increased due to immunodeficiency caused by contaminants like PCBs. Actually proving the toxicological effects of contaminants in marine mammals is rather difficult due to logistical and ethical reasons. [2] Some marine mammals are having reproductive difficulties which might be due to high DDT and PCB concentrations which might act as endocrine disrupting compounds. However, till today no marine mammal death was caused by direct toxic effects of any organochlorine compounds. [3] Although marine mammals are usually capable of detoxifying mercury, there have been reports of mercury intoxication in marine mammals in 1968. This occurred in an area with heavy industrial mercury dumping. [3]
Below you can find some links to Belgian case studies on ecotoxicology in marine mammals.
Case studies
Case study 1: Toxin analysis in beached sperm whales [4]
Case study 2: Organochlorine pesticides in harbour porpoises[5]
References
- ↑ Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp
- ↑ Sinderman, C.J. 1996. Ocean Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 275 pp
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 New perspectives: Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology of marine mammals, eds.J. Vos, G. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea, New York: Taylor & Francis. 643p
- ↑ Holsbeek, L.; Joiris, C.R.; Debacker, V.; Ali, B.I.; Roose, P.; Nellissen, J.P.; Gobert, S.; Bouquegneau, J.-M.; Bossicart, M. (1999). Heavy metals, organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sperm whales stranded in the southern North Sea during the 1994/1995 winter. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38(4): 304-313
- ↑ Covaci, A.; Van de Vijver, K.; De Coen, W.; Das, K.; Bouquegneau, J.-M.; Blust, R.; Schepens, P. (2002). Determination of organohalogenated contaminants in liver of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded on the Belgian North Sea coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44(10): 1157-1169
