View source for WiSAR - Wind retrieval from synthetic aperture radar

===Introduction===
Today, several scatterometers (SCATs) are available that measure ocean surface wind fields with a resolution of up to 25 km on a global and operational basis. Originally they were not designed to observe also small-scale wind features, which are especially important in coastal areas. However, satellite-borne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) offer this unique opportunity, as they image the ocean surface with a much higher resolution than SCATs, typically below 100 m (Fig. 1). Several SARs have been launched in the last 12 years and are valuable tools for measuring geophysical parameters such as ocean surface winds, waves, and sea ice.
[[Image:WiSAR1.jpg|thumb|left|'''Figure 1''': Wind fields of the Adriatic Sea resulting from scatterometer data a) resolution of 25 km and from SAR data b) resolution of 300 m. The small scale coastal wind jets, which are visible in the WiSAR retrieved wind field cannot be detected in the simulated scatterometer wind field.]]Most satellite borne SAR systems operate at the C-band at moderate incidence angles between 15° and 50°. For the electromagnetic wavelength of ~ 5 cm and of the incidence angles of 15-50°, the backscatter of the ocean surface is primarily caused by the small-scale ocean surface roughness with a horizontal scale of 5–10 cm.  The small-scale surface roughness is strongly influenced by the local wind field, and therefore allows it to relate the radar backscatter to the wind parameters.
[[Image:WiSAR2.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 2''': SAR image of the island Rügen, Germany, acquired by the European satellite ERS-1 on August 12th 1991.]]

===SAR wind retrieval===
The retrieval of ocean surface wind from SAR is a two-step process; in the first step, wind directions are retrieved, which are a necessary input in the second step. Wind directions are extracted from wind-induced streaks, which are aligned with wind direction and which are visible in the SAR image (Fig. 2). Orientations of these streaks are extracted by using the Local Gradient (LG) Method (Horstmann et al., 2002 <ref name="H">Horstmann, J., Koch, W., Lehner, S. & Tonboe, R. (2002). Ocean winds from RADARSAT-1 ScanSAR. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 28 (3), 524-533.</ref>, Koch, 2004<ref name="K">Koch, W., (2004). Directional analysis of SAR images aiming at wind direction. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 42 (4), 702-710.</ref>). In the second step wind speeds are retrieved from the backscattered normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of the ocean surface by utilizing a geophysical model function (GMF). The GMF describes the dependence of the NRCS on the wind and radar imaging geometry (Horstmann and Koch, 2005<ref name="H1">Horstmann, J., & Koch, W. (2005). Comparison of SAR Wind Field Retrieval Algorithms to a Numerical Model utilizing ENVISAT ASAR Data. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 30 (Iss.3), 508-515, doi 10.1109/JOE.2005.857514.</ref>).
[[Image:WiSAR3.jpg|thumb|left|'''Figure 3''': SAR image acquired by the European satellite ERS-1 in the marginal ice zone off the coast of Spitzbergen. a) The mask that results from filtering and b) wind directions resulting from the LG method with (black arrows) and without (white arrows) consideration of the filter.]]For the retrieval of wind direction, the SAR image is smoothed and reduced to resolutions of 100, 200, and 400 m, so that three SAR images are generated. From each of these images, local directions are computed, which are defined by the normal to the LG, which have a 180 degree ambiguity in wind direction. In the next step, all pixels that are affected by non wind- induced features are masked and excluded from further analysis (Fig 3.). Therefore, high resolution land masks and SAR image filters are applied (Koch 2004<ref name="K"/>). From all of the resulting directions, only the most frequent directions in a predefined grid cell are selected. The 180 directional ambiguities are removed by considering weather prediction models.
For wind-speed retrieval a GMF is applied. It relates the NRCS of the ocean surface to the local near-surface wind speed, wind direction and incidence angle. In case of the SARs, which operates at C-band with vertical polarization (VV), a well tested empirical GMF exists. For wind-speed retrieval from C-band, SAR images acquired with horizontal (HH) polarization, no similar well-developed models exist, so that the horizontal polarized NRCS is converted to the vertical polarized NRCS via the [[Image:WiSAR4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 4''': WiSAR retrieved wind field of hurricane Ivan. The SAR data were acquired by the Canadian satellite Radarsat-1 on September 10th 2004 at 2307 UTC. The eye of hurricane Ivan is situated about 80 km south of Kingston, Jamaica.]]polarization ratio (PR). So far, the PR is not well known and several different PRs have been suggested in literature. However, it has been shown that an incidence dependent PR shows sufficient good results for SAR wind speed retrieval (Horstmann et al., 2000<ref name="H2">Horstmann J., Koch, W., Lehner, S. & Tonboe R. (2000). Wind Retrieval over the Ocean using Synthetic Aperture Radar with C-band HH Polarization. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 38 (5), 2122-2131.</ref>).

===Validation===
Several comparisons of SAR retrieved wind fields with results from numerical weather prediction models at wind speeds below 25 ms<sup>-1</sup> have shown that WiSAR is capable of retrieving winds with a typical error of ~20° in wind direction and ~2 ms<sup>-1</sup> in wind speed (Horstmann et al., 2003<ref name="H3">Horstmann J., Schiller, H., Schulz-Stellenfleth, J. & Lehner, S. (2003). Global Wind Speed Retrieval from SAR. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 41 (10), 2277-2286.</ref>; Horstmann and Koch, 2005<ref name="H1"/>; Koch and Feser, 2006<ref name="K1">Koch, W. and F. Feser, (2006). Relationship between SAR-derived wind vectors and wind at 10-m height represented by a mesoscale model. Monthly Weather Review, 134, 1505-1517.
 </ref>).  It has also been shown that it is possible to retrieve wind fields under extreme high wind situations (Horstmann et al. 2005<ref name="H4">Horstmann, J., Thompson, D.R., Monaldo, F., Graber, H.C. & Iris, S. (2005). Can Synthetic Aperture Radars be used to Estimate Hurricane Force Winds?. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L22801. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023992. 
 </ref>). Fig. 4 shows an example of a WiSAR retrieved wind field of hurricane Ivan (10. September 2004). However, recent studies of SAR retrieved wind fields from tropical cyclones have shown that the error in wind speed is significantly larger at wind speeds above 25 ms<sup>-1</sup>.


==Related articles==
:[[WiRAR - A marine radar wind sensor]]
:[[Coastal meteorology]]


==References==
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{{author 
 |AuthorID=16905
 |AuthorFullName= Horstman, Jochen
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{{author 
 |AuthorID=16897
 |AuthorFullName= Koch, Wolfgang
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[[Category:Coastal and marine observation and monitoring]]
[[Category:Observation of physical parameters]]