View source for Case study North Norfolk

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<span class="tochidden">North Norfolk FLAG case study </span>

===<span style="color:#3a75c4; Font-size: 130%">'''<small>Introduction</small>'''</span>===

The North Norfolk FLAG area has been home to a traditional small boat (largely) shellfish industry along this North Sea coastline of Eastern England (See Figure 1) for hundreds of years. North Norfolk is a sparsely populated area of Eastern England famed for its beautiful natural coastal environment. The coast is scattered with isolated picturesque fishing towns and villages that rely on a tourism sector underpinned by their coastal and fishing identity (North Norfolk FLAG, 2011). The fishing industry today employs over one hundred and forty people in the FLAG area <ref>FARNET (2014): North Norfolk FLAG Factsheet. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/cms/farnet/tools/flags (Accessed: 10 April 2014)</ref> The North Norfolk coastal economy is made vulnerable by a strong dependence on (seasonal, low-wage) tourism and the close inter-linkages with the future of the fishing industry on this coast (both the risks and opportunities this presents) is well understood within the FLAG strategy <ref name="North Norfolk FLAG"> North Norfolk FLAG, (2011) North Norfolk Fisheries Local Action Group (FLAG) Delivery Plan, 26 August 2011, North Norfolk Business Forum and North Norfolk District Council.</ref>. There were 44 shellfish boats registered in the case study area in 2011 with the main species landed including brown crab, lobster, whelk and mussels <ref name="North Norfolk FLAG"/>. The industry now also co-habits in this marine environment with major offshore energy developments with challenging local marine spatial planning and fisheries management implications.

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Figure 1. North Norfolk FLAG, England (Source: VLIZ, 2014)

===<span style="color:#3a75c4; Font-size: 130%">'''<small>Fisheries Governance Overview</small>'''</span>===
Responding to the challenges facing this declining fisheries (including rising costs such fuel and licences, reduced number of new entrants, ageing demographic, increasing displacement of fishing grounds for conservation and commercial factors, climate change and poor market/supply chain conditions) the area secured FLAG status in 2011. FLAGs are funded by Axis 4 of the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) and are intended to support the sustainable local development of fishing industries and their related communities without increasing fishing effort. EFF is managed in the UK by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO), a non-departmental public body under the government Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs <ref name="Defra"> Defra (2010) Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities: vision, success criteria and high-level objectives. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London.</ref>. North Norfolk is one of six English FLAGs. This funding programme has been developed in part owing to the acknowledgement at European Commission level that fisheries in smaller communities often make a considerable contribution to direct and indirect tourism, and cultural and social value <ref>DG MARE (2013) Studies for carrying out the Common Fisheries Policy: Lot 3 Socio-economic dimensions in EU fisheries (Final Report). European Commission, DG MARE</ref>. Thus many of the FLAG projects focus on capitalising on these contributions through encouraging tourism and cultural fisheries related projects for example through fish festivals and heritage centres. In addition to securing a higher value for catch landed through marketing and supply chain innovation. Making fishing a more secure profession to attract the next generation of fishers has also been central to a lot of the FLAGs with investment fisher training, in port/ beach infrastructure and other health and safety elements on the boats. EFF will be replaced with the EMFF (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund) in 2015 with a particular focus on Integrated Marine Policy (IMP).
In terms of governance North Norfolk District Council is the accountable authority for the FLAG and it reports to the MMO. The FLAG has a mixture of fishing industry (fisher/ fisherman’s association chairs), private and public sector stakeholders (including local authorities and national environment and conservation bodies). In terms of industry representation at a national level the fishers have the option of membership through the NFFO (National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations); the inshore specific national association NUTFA (New Under Ten Fishermens Association); and the Shellfish Association of Great Britain (SAGB). At a local level six smaller fishing associations exist along this FLAG coast to provide local fisher representation and organisation.

English inshore fisheries management (operating within six nautical miles) is policed and managed by the IFCAs (Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities). The North Norfolk fleet work with the Eastern IFCA. The IFCAs co-operate with the MMO on several areas including fisheries enforcement and marine protected area management. IFCAs are funded through local authorities, but report to Defra. IFCAs replaced sea fisheries committees in April 2011, with an important expanded socio-economic remit to "lead, champion and manage a sustainable marine environment and inshore fisheries, by successfully securing the right balance between social, environmental and economic benefits to ensure healthy seas, sustainable fisheries and a viable industry" <ref name="Defra"/> Defra (2010) Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities: vision, success criteria and high-level objectives. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London.</ref>. The MMO is responsible for regulation and licensing of fishing in England. The duties and powers of the IFCAs and the MMO are set out in the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (UK) and this takes account of the European Union instrument for fisheries management the recently reformed Common Fisheries Policy or CFP <ref>EC COM, (2013) REGULATION (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy</ref>. The Marine and Coastal Access Act, 2009 (UK) establishes the marine planning regime for the UK including underlying ICZM principles and the designation of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) (and in England Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs). Natural England (an Executive Non-departmental Public Body that is responsible for advising the UK Government on the natural environment) works with relevant stakeholders in helping inform Defra on their planning for these sites. UK fisheries management and marine planning is informed by Cefas (Centre for Environmental, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science), who are the executive agency responsible for carrying out research and monitoring of fish and shellfish stocks.

===<span style="color:#3a75c4; Font-size: 130%">'''<small>Summary of governance related challenges and opportunities faced by this community in securing sustainability goals</small>'''</span>===

''[Note: This summary table provides a time-specific snap-shot of the issues observed in Winter 2013 during the research for this case study. The full context and detail of these issues can be read in the full GIFS report here: http://www.gifsproject.eu/images/pdf/GIFS_Report_Act1.2.pdf. Fisheries governance and the social processes that make up these structures are highly dynamic and this table should be read with that in mind.]''

====<div style="text-align: center; background-color:#003893;"><span style="color:white">'''Environmental sustainability issues'''</span></div>====
<br>
Working with the IFCA (Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities) to develop voluntary and fisher led-conservation helps establish the experience and principles of co-management that offer a possible route to improved fisheries governability.
FLAG has facilitated multi-sector connectivity that has enabled representatives from the conservation bodies and the fishing industry to develop a mutual respect and understanding of their sometimes conflicting interests. This new insight and improved relations between the two sectors paves the way for finding fisheries management solutions that both protect the marine environment and the livelihood of these fishing communities.
====<div style="text-align: center; background-color:#003893;"><span style="color:white">'''Social sustainability issues'''</span></div>====
<br>
An established local level governance infrastructure through the Fishing Associations (FA) and their consistent support of the FLAG underpins the grass-roots good governance of this FLAG structure and secures a stronger route for fisher voice to the sub-regional scale.
Yet the FLAG has to work hard to overcome an historical apathy for collective action and the natural individualism of the fishers that has acted as a barrier to engagement in local governance.
Even with the noted barriers to active participation (i.e. a large number of fishers just attend and listen at FA meetings) these local structures provide a catalyst for community identity and belonging. They play their part in nurturing the social fabric of their respective communities.
While there is limited fisher engagement or sense of influence at national or European level this has resulted in their growing commitment to the FLAG as a mechanism for advancing their collective voice and industry interests at national level (through Defra and the MMO).
The security and resilience of fisher voice and influence in local and regional planning is undermined by a reliance on a few ‘community stars’ and a need to overcome some of the social capital deficit of members of the fleet who don’t feel able to engage in formal forums and find the governance norms alienating and obstructive.
One of the greatest barriers to a sustainable future for this region are the high levels of attrition as fishers leave the industry and are not replaced by the necessary number of new entrants.
FLAG has worked to reinforce the powerful link between the fishers and regional identity through cultural, education and heritage projects where both local community members and tourists can learn about the history and current practices of the industry. These efforts are key to reinforcing the value of the fisheries in terms of visual imagery and cultural practices that are so integral to the North Norfolk coast identity and as such are tied to the social sustainability of their communities.
====<div style="text-align: center; background-color:#003893;"><span style="color:white">'''Economic sustainability issues'''</span></div>====
<br>
The FLAG, as a community led collaborative model, has for the first time brought the fisheries within the local regeneration and economic development policy portfolio and as a result has focused political attention on the economic sustainability of this industry.
Making the sustainable fishing practices of this fleet economically viable for the next generation is central to the FLAG and includes trying to increase the catch value, and ensure any value added is received by the fishers. 
Future plans to develop an industry focused micro-finance vehicle would also help them overcome the barriers they face as an industry in accessing secure credit.
The FLAG whole community planning approach is in part underpinned by their understanding that the fishing industry is so central to the socio-economic well-being of the region (particularly in terms of tourism spend and employment). For example, by making the local provenance and value of the catch more explicit in the supply chain this raises the profile of the industry contribution to the economy (through manufacturers, tourism, hospitality and heritage) and in doing so will hopefully improve the economic resilience of the industry.

===<span style="color:#3a75c4; font-size: 130%">'''<small>References</small>'''</span>===
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===<span style="color:#3a75c4; Font-size: 130%">'''<small>Relevant Links</small>'''</span>===
*[http://cefas.defra.gov.uk/ Centre for Environmental, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)]
*[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/reform/emff/index_en.htm European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)]
*[https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/cms/farnet/ FARNET (Network of Fisheries Local Action Groups)]
*[http://www.association-ifca.org.uk/ Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCAs)]
*[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/contents Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009)]
*[http://www.marinemanagement.org.uk/index.htm Marine Management Organisation (MMO)]
*[http://www.msc.org/ Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)]
*[http://www.nutfa.org/ New under Ten Fishermens Association (NUTFA)]
*[http://www.nffo.org.uk/ NFFO (National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations)]
*[http://www.northnorfolkflag.org.uk/ North Norfolk FLAG]
*[http://www.shellfish.org.uk/ Shellfish Association of Great Britain (SAGB)]

[[Category:Coastal and marine fisheries]]


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