View source for Capacity Building and the Green Paper

'''Consultation on Maritime Policy: the issue of Capacity Building'''

----

''Principles of good governance suggest the need for a European maritime policy that embraces all aspects of the oceans and seas. This policy should be integrated, intersectoral and multidisciplinary, and not a mere collection of vertical sectoral policies...''

''Continued investments in knowledge and skills are key factors for maintaining competitiveness and ensuring quality jobs.''

''At the core of a new maritime policy must be the building of a mutual understanding and a common vision among all the decision-makers and players of the various policiesimpacting on oceans and seas, including maritime transport and ports, fisheries, integrated coastal zone management, regional policy, energy policy and marine research and technology policies. This means joining the dots between different policies with a view to achieving the common goal of economic expansion in a sustainable manner, which is the key challenge of a future Maritime Policy.''

''Given the interaction of coastal and maritime issues across the land-sea interface, an overall EU maritime policy has a major stake in the success of ICZM. Consideration should therefore be given to an EU-wide mechanism for comparative analysis and an exchange of best practice.''

{|border=1 style="border:2px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"  
|cellspacing="5" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#f5faff; font-size:100%" colspan=2 align=left height=30px|
'''Source''': ''Towards a future Maritime Policy for the Union: A European vision for the oceans and seas'', European Communities 2006 (from now on ECMP 2006) 
|-
|}


== Introduction ==

We are witnessing the creation of an all-embracing European Maritime Policy as well as a European Marine Strategy.  Both of them emerge as a result of the importance attributed to the European maritime dimension in the coming years.  The vision is that of a Europe with a dynamic maritime economy, responsive to sustainable principles and in harmony with the marine environment. 

This is an ambitious and forward-looking vision. In this context, the development of technical, human, and institutional capacities at the local, regional, national and trans-national levels, as a foundation for effective policy implementation, is essential.  Capacity building efforts will be required, among others, for critical aspects of marine policy making, ICZM, and in particular, for the implementation of an ecosystem-based spatial planning approach and of an integrated management approach, both of which cut across traditional sectoral policies.  Needless to say, these innovative strategies being considered in the new maritime policy and strategy will place a heavy burden on the existing educational and training institutions and resources. 

This challenge becomes even more apparent when looking at the Green Paper’s set of general principles for maritime policy making, namely: (i) procedures to ensure the integration of the best technical and scientific advice available; (ii) consultation of, preferably, all relevant stakeholders; (iii) identification of institutional competences and means for cooperation, collaboration, coordination, and integration; (iv) promotion of sea related issues in EU policies paying particular attention to the coherence among objectives; and (v) inclusion of targets against which to assess implementation performance. Nevertheless, the document does not contemplate the fact that, in order to deal with the difficulties of introducing this set of principles into traditional sectorial frameworks, a new generation of policymakers, planners and managers and/or the reorientation of existing ones will be paramount.

Furthermore, and despite the planning and management challenges that the development and implementation of such an ambitious policy might entail, the document does not reflect on the need to assess the capacity building needs of the policy-makers, planners and managers that will be preparing and pushing the process at different levels (from policy training, for high level decision-makers, to technical training and basic skill development geared to operational personnel<ref>Vallejo, S.M., 2007, Training Needs Assessment. Article of ENCORA’s Theme 10 Coastal WIKI (http://www.encora.eu/coastalwiki/Needs_assessment)</ref>.


Two points need to be highlighted before entering into the core of the discussion.  

'''First''',  it is important to recall that ICZM is recognised as an essential tool to achieve the sustainable development of coastal areas by most international organizations (e.g. The World Bank, UNEP) and has been adopted as a leading concept in key international conventions (e.g. Biodiversity, Climate Change).  Furthermore, according to the Commission of the European Communities,''the comprehensive, goal-oriented and problem led character of ICZM, within the context of a comprehensive maritime policy for the EU, offers a distinct added-value compared to some of the traditional, rigid planning and management systems. Moreover, ICZM would contribute to ensure coherence between policies, plans and programmes at different scales of intervention. Working at different scales and across administrative and sectoral boundaries remains a formidable challenge, but is central to achieving integration. The overall result should be greater clarity, certainty and predictability of policy and decision-making. This will facilitate the sustainable development of maritime economies and enhance the livelihoods of coastal communities''<ref>Report to the European Parliament and the Council: An evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe; Communication from the Commission, COM(2007) 308 final, Brussels, 7.6.2007</ref>.

{|border=1 style="border:2px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff;" width="688px" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"  
|cellspacing="5" style="border-bottom:1px solid #a3b1bf; background:#f5faff; font-size:100%" colspan=2 align=left height=30px|
ICZM has shown that it could become the instrument to link ''terrestrial'' to marine legislation, especially on a ''regional sea level''

Evaluation of ICZM in Europe –Final Report
Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute 2006, p.10
|-
|}

During the last decades, a considerable amount of experience has been gathered on capacity building through ICZM initiatives which can be of great value when implementing the future maritime policy.  This is especially the case if we recognize that the full implementation of responsibilities embodied in the new maritime policy requires capacity building approaches and strategies to increase regional and local governance capacity for coastal and ocean resource management, including technical capacity and financial resources.  International experience in capacity building for ICZM may help considerably in this task.  However, a word of caution is necessary: known cases and lessons learned indicate that the process of capacity building could be rather long.

'''Second''', current trends in capacity building points out the benefits of promoting a policy that would support the necessary human and institutional development, putting greater emphasis on ''the capacity development process itself, on local ownership of its process and on equal partnership in its support''<ref>Lafontaine, A., Assessment of Capacity Development Efforts of Other Development Cooperation Agencies. Capacity Development Initiative, GEF-UNDP Strategic Partnership, July 2000</ref>.  In this task, existing experience in the creation of institutional arrangements for integrated coastal management as well as for ocean management initiatives in Europe should also be considered, as successful examples exist in integrating diverse sectors and interests as well as the local community, in the planning and implementation process. For instance, there are excellent examples within NW Europe of coastal partnership with the creation of coordination mechanisms and consultative approaches that cut across traditional sectoral boundaries (e.g. Severn Estuary Partnership in the UK –see Box 1).

=== Organization of the present contribution ===

The following is a brief overview of the Green Paper from the capacity building viewpoint, focusing on how the document deals with the human and institutional development issues that such a maritime policy will face.  Bearing in mind that the Green Paper dovetails with the Lisbon Strategy, a future maritime policy might consider to incorporate a '''capacity building''' component that provides the framework for ''developing a thriving maritime economy, in an environmentally sustainable manner''<ref>European Commission strategic objectives for 2005-2009</ref>.  

In order to substantiate the above recommendation, this paper will discuss the following topics:

* Capacity building and the Green Paper: this section of the paper will discuss how the Green Paper deals with the three major elements of capacity development, namely, Human Development, Institutional development and Awareness Building.  
* Capacity Building for a successful implementation of a truly ‘integrated’ Maritime Policy: this section of the paper will discuss specific requirements for effective capacity building in view of the new vision embodied in the Green Paper, taking into consideration existing capabilities en Europe, together with a few examples of success stories.  Special attention is given to key issues that merit special consideration in order to initiate a capacity building process that may provide effective support to the implementation of the Maritime Policy.   
* Recommendations: this part of the paper summarizes the previous discussion and highlights the most relevant elements for the future.

== Capacity Building and the Green Paper ==

=== Human development ===

Regarding human development and based on the results of the EC Employment Report, an entire section of the Green Paper is dedicated to the development of Europe's maritime skills and expanding sustainable maritime employment, which focuses on the need to attract highly qualified seafarers, particularly officers, pilots, engineers, shipyard managers, ship safety inspectors and instructors. Furthermore, considering the decline of European personnel taking jobs aboard vessels and its relevance for the survival of the maritime industry, the Green Paper recognizes that one of the main challenges of the future maritime policy is that of supporting the management of change, to facilitate retraining and professional reorientation, including cases of restructuring and job losses (ECMP 2006, p.20). 
 
The Green Paper does also recognize that if Europe is to rise to the challenge of finding a better relationship with the oceans, not only the industrial sectors will need to innovate, but also policy-makers. To regulate maritime activities there is a need to develop both universally applicable rules and more specific ones that account for each part of the oceans and seas. In this regard, the main challenge to policy-makers -explicitly stated in the Green Paper-, lies in the global nature of the oceans, where universally applicable rules need to leave enough room for the more specific ones that better suit the different management requirements of each part of the oceans and seas. This leads to both complementarity and competition between nations (ECMP 2006, p.6). 

In sum, the Green Paper focuses on the importance of developing knowledge and skills as key factors for maintaining competitiveness and ensuring quality jobs, as well as improved working conditions and career prospects.  However, it falls short in the identification of the specific knowledge, understanding, skills and attitudes necessary for tackling particular tasks in e.g. ecosystem management, or for the formulation of integrated policies.  

New human capacity building needs may be identified within two major areas. First, sectoral-associated human development needs such as tourism, ports and energy.  In this case, in addition to new skills related to a particular sector, the individuals should be trained into the cross-sectoral elements of the new maritime policy and how they impinge into their respective sectors. Second is the development of training courses and/or educational resources in cross-sectoral, integrated approaches and professional skills.  This is the case, for instance, when the Green Paper states that a comprehensive system of spatial planning should be put into place as soon as possible for European coastal waters in order to set up a stable regulatory environment for sectors such as shipping, port infrastructure and offshore resource exploitation, including fisheries, where large investments are being made in innovative products designed to last for many years (ECMP 2006, p.23). Clearly, both spatial planners and managers should be adequately trained with the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes (K/S/A) to be able to deal with the complexity of developing such an integrated system and with the different issues that will emerge during its implementation against a culture of sectoral, competitive and non-coordinated institutional structures. 

=== Institutional development ===

The new vision proposed in the Green Paper will not be feasible without a reform of the institutions.  There are several dimensions regarding institutional development: one at the EU level, and the other at the national/regional/local level.  The Green Paper considers that in the EU, the above stated principles can be implemented partly through existing institutions, including the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions. Nevertheless, it also recognizes that appropriate cross sectoral bodies will have to complement the existing sectoral advisory bodies set up by the Council or the Commission.

The Green Paper also stresses the need for the Commission to continue taking steps towards strengthening its internal coordination on ocean and sea affairs in order to allow for a further integration of policies. In this regard, it offers the example of a structure at the level of the UN, where the UN-Oceans office has been created to better coordinate ocean-related policies in twelve different countries. 

At the European level, however, it will be more beneficial to build on better interaction between existing institutes than to develop extra agencies as suggested by the Green Paper (by using the UN-Oceans office example). Nevertheless, any initiative to get the coast and the sea into the European Agenda should be encouraged (Van der Wegen, M., personal communication).

At the national level, and according to the definition by the Urban Capacity Building Network, “institutional development” involves regulatory changes that enable organizations, institutions and agencies at all levels and in all sectors to enhance their capacities. The Green Paper proposes a regulatory framework that places a particular premium on participation by stakeholders in the rule-making process (ECMP 2006, p.24). All those involved in the different agencies and countries must take the appropriate action proposals. To keep decisions at a level closest to the stakeholders, action at the EU level should be undertaken only where it adds value to the activities of others. The capacity building process should also be considered within, and take advantage of this type of regulatory framework, based on local ownership and supported by equal partnership. 

=== Awareness raising ===

The importance of awareness raising is well recognized in the document. Following the Commission’s belief that there is much to be gained by encouraging a sense of common maritime identity, the Green Paper hopes to contribute to a new awareness among Europeans of the greatness of their maritime heritage, the importance of the oceans in their lives and their continued potential to provide us with increased wellbeing and economic opportunities (ECMP 2006, p.6).

Expected benefits of this ‘new awareness’ are an increase of both job creation and stakeholder participation: a better perception of maritime activities, an appreciation of their potential, which will result in a greater interest in choosing a maritime related career.  A sense of common identity may well be one important side effect of bringing stakeholders together to participate in maritime planning processes.

The Green Paper reflects upon the current role of the existing platforms (see Informal Capacity Building) such as aquariums, maritime museums, and NGOs, and proposes new actions.  It proposes a series of measures (such as awards for institutions, inventories of archaeological sites, the EU Atlas for the Sea)  to reclaim the maritime heritage of Europe, which will lead to a better understanding of the importance of the oceans and seas and their contribution to our health and well being, both physically, psychologically and economically. It also suggests the development of synergies between EU member states and the different companies both private and public and NGOs, working in this area, to help increase the number of activities in this sector. These actions will lead not only to better and more adjusted policy making, but also to the development of a common vision of the role of the oceans in our lives and the need to maintain and restore this element for our future wellbeing. 

== Capacity Building for a successful implementation of a truly 'integrated' Maritime Policy – Key Issues under consideration ==

When considering the human and institutional challenges embodied in the new Maritime Policy, the importance of Capacity Building comes to the fore. This new vision will not be feasible without new perspectives in the development of personnel (e.g. training of planners, managers, policy-makers and decision-makers), as well as a fundamental reforms/adaptations of the institutions, especially those responsible for territorial planning, that are to be articulated with the new proposed marine spatial planning system (as suggested in the Green Paper) (Suárez de Vivero, J.L., personal communication).

The Evaluation Report on the implementation of ICZM in Europe<ref>Rupprecht Consult & International Ocean Institute, 2006, Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe –Final Report. Cologne, Germany</ref> provides some recommendations regarding human capacity building that are worth mentioning here (Marchand, M., personal communication).  The report highlights the fact that a crucial issue in the implementation of ICZM is the understanding and ownership of stakeholders regarding the approach for sustainable development. The promotion of awareness, guidance, training and education are considered as important means to foster such ownership. 

It is generally accepted that capacity building starts with awareness.  Within Europe, there are many local ICZM projects which play an important role in promoting awareness raising of coastal issues (e.g. Morecambe Bay Strategy and its Bay Watch newsletter).  Also, in the UK context, the BBC television series ''Coast'' is very popular, raising general public awareness and is now into its third series (Ballinger, R., personal communication). 

Another good example of an awareness campaign in the Netherlands is the ''Week of the Sea'', which is held every year and includes many activities that attract attention of local people and tourist alike (Marchand, M, personal communication)

In the medium term, an excellent example is provided by the International Wadden Sea School (IWSS) -a cross-border educational project for school classes from the Wadden Sea countries Denmark, Germany and The Netherlands. Initiated by the “Trilateral Cooperation for the Protection of the Wadden Sea”, the aim of the IWSS is to enhance the awareness of the Wadden Sea as a shared natural heritage and to create an understanding among young people for the need to protect and sustainably manage the Wadden Sea region as a whole<ref>International Wadden Sea School (IWSS) web page: http://www.iwss.org/</ref>.

Despite these encouraging examples, according to the Evaluation Report, the challenges are considerable: ''sectoral thinking has to be overcome, knowledge of basic economic, ecological, and social processes has to be 'translated', and the ability to cooperate across spatial boundaries and scales has to be trained, taking collective decisions on a complex topic such as coastal development'' (p.231).

=== Key Issues under consideration ===

The following is a summary of the most important issues (or limitations) in the present capacity development arrangements in Europe. Each of the bullet points includes a short explanation to facilitate the understanding of the relevance of each issue and its interrelationship with other issues, if pertinent.

* Lack of integrated and strategic consideration of Capacity Building (CB) as an essential component of any action, both at the planning and management levels
* Lack or limited funding, specifically earmarked for CB

The lack of strategic consideration given to capacity building is a concern. An integrated strategy to incorporate CB is a vital part of the process for achieving sustainable human development. This means having a commitment to methodically build human and institutional capacity. Today, when examining the public information/documentation provided on ICZM projects, it is quite difficult to find information on their capacity component, which still appears more as an ad-hoc element rather than part and parcel of a project or an ICZM initiative.  If this situation is accompanied with limited funding or the available resources are not specifically earmarked for human or institutional development, the capacity component remains weak or is not clearly defined, instead of being an integral part of a project or initiative. The capacity component should go hand-in-hand with the overall planning and management aims of a project, otherwise its effectiveness will suffer. 

* Need to develop wider recognition of the role of training and education in ICZM, particularly in view of the forthcoming implementation of major European marine and coastal related strategies and plans as well as the EU's encouragement for the development of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

There is an urgent need to develop wider recognition of the role of training and education in ICZM.  This should be accompanied with a broad range of CB products to meet the needs of forthcoming projects and programmes. The training and education strategy should include technical training, developing curriculum at all levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary) and building awareness among all interested stakeholders including elected officials and the general public, in an effort to create a wide public-based constituency of support regarding the importance of ICZM. Technical training should be task-oriented with the outputs feeding into the management process. 

* Difficulties for gathering dispersed information and knowledge regarding  existing resources for CB

Despite the richness of European CB resources available, at the moment, there are many difficulties for gathering dispersed information and knowledge regarding existing resources for capacity building.  Initiatives such as [http://www.encora.eu ENCORA] in surveying existing resources and developing a European database comparative analysis of education and training programmes and corresponding materials will greatly assist in this matter.  It would be excellent to also gather information on skill development opportunities (training courses) at the project level and existing public awareness initiatives. 
 
* Lack of effective mechanisms for capacity needs assessment, both for addressing human as well as institutional capacity priorities and enable an effective and realistic planning and management of CB programmes at the regional and local levels

* Need to adhere to more rigorously capacity assessment techniques and prevent duplication of efforts while at the same time make more effective use of existing  resources

Capacity needs assessment is a prerequisite before any successful action is undertaken.  There is a need to know both what is available and what is lacking, in order to have a realistic view of capacity needs.  Without the knowledge of existing capabilities and gaps as well as needs at the institutional and individual levels, no realistic CB strategy (and associated plan of action) can be formulated.  The benefits of this approach are multiple.  By knowing what resources are available, all beneficiaries can make an effective use of them; by identifying what is needed, duplication of efforts is avoided and more cost effective, interventions can be made, thus avoiding ‘fragmentation’ and ‘isolated’ approaches that lack sustainability. This approach promotes an efficient use of available funding by centring the efforts only on priority needs (for more information see [[Needs Assessment]] and [[Capacity Building Needs Associated to the ICZM Cycle]]).   

* In many cases, the CB framework in use seem to be unfit for the purpose of implementing ICZM and remote from the needs of local ICZM planners and managers
 
In the majority of countries the traditional framework for capacity building is used.  This framework consists in using short-term approaches – generally one time events and ad-hoc endeavours - mainly focussing on gathering technical knowledge about specific issues. It uses training and education as their main vehicles for action.  Sometimes, however, they are unfit for the specific needs of ICZM or do not address planning and management requirements at the local level. The new CB framework  involves a system perspective, that addresses various levels of capacities (i.e. capacities of institutions, and individual capacities, at various levels) and the use of a diversity of CB products simultaneously, as shown in the example of the Thames Estuary (see Box 2). This approach puts greater emphasis on the capacity development process itself, on local ownership of its process and on equal partnership in its support.  This new approach uses a much longer perspective and relies upon gains previously obtained via e.g. prior early training and awareness building activities.  At the individual level, CB also refers to the process of changing attitudes and behaviours e.g. as exemplified in the case of the Thames Estuary initiative, while also imparting knowledge and developing skills and maximizing the benefits of participation, knowledge exchange and ownership.   

* The science-practice-policy divide

There is a strong need for capacity building in the area of research to underpin the proposed EU maritime policy. Specifically, there is a need for capacity building which will encourage a ‘paradigm shift’ among researchers, reconciling natural science and social science methodologies, leading to a more holistic approach to maritime research. This is an interesting challenge with the specific capacity building aimed at universities and other research institutes. However, this is not enough as the paradigm shift will be required in response to research undertaken to both drive AND inform EU maritime policy (AMRIE, personal communication). From this perspective, capacity building will be required to improve the understanding between researchers, practitioners and policy-makers (Ballinger, R., personal communication). 

For instance, how the maritime policy is to be regulated and operationalised is not totally clear. Following recent examples of implementation of EU policy (e.g. the Water Framework Directive), it is obvious that there will be a need for capacity building for all those actors responsible for interpreting the policy and/or regulation and putting it into practice. In this regard, AMRIE (personal communication) feels that an over-arching structure would be required to ensure that all actors understand the needs and capabilities of each other. A major challenge will be to include trained professionals able to utilize research based knowledge within existing institutional structures and some lead will be needed from European institutions. 

At the regional/local level, there are some relevant efforts to try to bring policy makers, practitioners and the scientists together to ensure that policy making and practice is based on sound science (e.g. ENCORA (See Box 3), INTERREG COREPOINT, COPRANET, SPICOSA, EUCC activities, etc.)

* The science-local knowledge divide

A very important aspect is the strengthening of cooperation between regional and local initiatives with national and regional research organisations. Research activities are often done without much interaction with local communities. Thus local knowledge is often ignored and not used. The local communities on the other hand, often have insufficient access to knowledge and information. Working together can therefore have mutual benefits. Ecosystem management needs a sound understanding of the ecosystems, and at he same time, participation of stakeholders at a local level. Building long lasting alliances between research institutes and stakeholder groups could be a mechanism for improved management (Marchand, M, personal communication). 

An example is the initiative to develop a Waddensea Academy. This idea was raised a few years ago after a fierce discussion on whether or not to drill for gas in this intertidal natural area. Finally, the government decided to agree with the exploitation, but to use part of the revenues for a research institute fully dedicated to the Waddensea. Collaboration between existing universities and institutes as well as with local stakeholders would be essential for the success of such an institution. Although it is still too early to evaluate this initiative on its success, this could also be an example for other regional seas (Marchand, M., personal communication).

* Lack of capabilities for implementing the ecosystem-based approach

AMRIE (personal communication) feels very strongly that the capabilities in ecosystem management are very poor. There is a widespread misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the nature of the ecosystem based approach to management. This approach was developed and successfully applied in the fisheries areas. Its application to other areas, e.g. development projects and recently the general marine/maritime area, has not always been so successful. Additionally, even where the approach is understood, its operationalisation is not clearly defined. Key elements that need re-enforcement include: (i) a clear definition of the ecosystem based approach to management – European level; (ii) guidelines as to how this can be operationalised- national/regional level; (iii) relationship with existing ICZM, shoreline, estuary management, marine spatial plans etc. – national/regional level; and (iv) best practice – local level (AMRIE, personal communication).

== Some recommendations ==

The following steps/actions are recommended to improve the Marine Policy approach to capacity building: 

* Ensure the consideration of capacity building as a necessary element in the implementation of the Maritime Policy (Suárez de Vivero, J.L., personal communication)
* Reflect on how emerging EU Maritime Policy goals can be supported through a realistic, well planned capacity building strategy for Europe
* Assess trans-national issues, since the EU would gain additional value (Van der Wegen, M., personal communication)
* At the trans-national level, make compulsory an ICZM capacity training component in all EU projects, both in terms of individuals and institutes, based on trans-national issues related to the coastal and marine realms. (Van der Wegen, M., personal communication)
* Undertake national self-assessment capacity building needs 
* Take stock of ongoing efforts to assist national capacity building
* Ensure reinforcement of institutions for planning and management (e.g. foster leadership and catalyze multi-sectoral and multi-institutional collaboration to sustain capacity building efforts)  
* Ensure the development of a capacity building strategy and of  specific actions plans at the national, regional and local levels, to provide enhanced and sustained support to institutions in the process of developing human, technical and institutional capacity
* Call for capacity development initiatives that enhance as much the local capacity where coastal management takes place as well as the top echelons where policy and top investment priorities are designated.  
* Differentiate between capacities according to different levels -from policy training, for high level decision-makers, to technical training and basic skill development geared to operational personnel1-, and scales -focus on short courses for professionals (main issue for the EU) and leave graduate education to local initiatives (Van der Wegen, M., personal communication)

== References ==